The Fiery Trial_ Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery - Eric Foner [258]
11. Barondess, Three Lincoln Masterpieces, 89; Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months, 149; White, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech, 183–94; New York Times, April 17, 1865; Worthington C. Ford, ed., A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865 (2 vols.; Boston, 1920), 2: 257; CW, 8: 356; Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, eds., The Diary of George Templeton Strong (4 vols.; New York, 1952), 3: 561.
12. CW, 8: 360–61.
13. A. A. Hoehling and Mary Hoehling, The Day Richmond Died (San Diego, 1981), 202–7, 240–42; Edwin S. Redkey, ed., A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York, 1992), 175–78; R. J. M. Blackett, ed., Thomas Morris Chester: Black Civil War Correspondent (Baton Rouge, 1989), 3, 294–97; Palmer, Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2: 282.
14. CW, 8: 386–89; Charles H. Ambler, Francis H. Pierpont (Chapel Hill, 1937), 254–58.
15. CW, 8: 405–6; Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 794; George W. Julian, Political Recollections, 1840–1872 (Chicago, 1884), 254; WD, 2: 279.
16. New York World, April 13, 1865; Foner, Reconstruction, 182; Philip S. Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 305.
17. CW, 399–405; Peyton McCrary, Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment (Princeton, 1978), 5–7; CP, 5: 17.
18. Jerome Mushkat, The Reconstruction of the New York Democracy, 1861–1874 (Rutherford, N.J., 1981), 65; Palmer, Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2: 283–85; R. F. Fuller to Charles Sumner, April 13, 1865, Charles Sumner Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University; New York Times, April 13, 1865.
19. New York World, April 13, 1865; Independent, April 13, 1865; Chicago Tribune, April 8 and 14, 1865; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2: 803.
20. CP, 1: 528–30; 5: 15–16; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), 357–58; WD, 2: 281.
21. WD, 2: 298; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2: 819–25; New York World, April 17, 1865.
22. Independent, April 20, 1865; Boritt, Gettysburg Gospel, 173–87; David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass., 2001).
23. “Reconstruction,” North American Review, 100 (April 1865), 556.
24. New York Times, April 17, 1865.
25. Foner, Reconstruction, 176–280.
26. Andrew Ward, The Slaves’ War (Boston, 2008), 253; “Abraham Lincoln: A Speech,” (ca. December 1865), Frederick Douglass Papers, LC.
27. The Works of Charles Sumner (15 vols.; Boston, 1870–83), 9: 427.
28. CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 2615; Lydia Maria Child to George W. Julian, April 8, 1865, Giddings-Julian Papers, LC.
29. Henry Cowles to John Pierpont, March 6, 1863, ALP.
About the Author
ERIC FONER, DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, is one of this country’s most prominent historians. He received his doctoral degree at Columbia under the supervision of Richard Hofstadter. He has served as president of the three major professional organizations: the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Society of American Historians.
Professor Foner’s publications have concentrated on the intersections of intellectual, political, and social history, and the history of American race relations. His books include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970; reissued with new preface 1995); Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (1976); Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy (1983); Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (1988) (winner, among other awards, of the Bancroft Prize, Parkman Prize, and Los Angeles Times Book Award); The Story of American Freedom (1998); and Who Owns History? Rethinking