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16. M.A. Moline et al., 2008: “High Latitude Changes in Ice Dynamics and Their Impact on Polar Marine Ecosystems,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1134, 267–319.

17. G. Durner et al., 2009: “Predicting 21st-Century Polar Bear Habitat Distribution from Global Climate Models,” Ecological Monographs, 79, 25–58.

18. See http://www.doi.gov/news/08_News_Releases/080514a.html. The subtitle to the press release is “Rule Will Allow Continuation of Vital Energy Production in Alaska.”

19. J. Hansen et al., 2008: “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?,” Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2, 217–31.

20. J. Overpeck and B. Udall, 2010: “Dry Times Ahead,” Science, 328, 5986, 1642–3.

21. See 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, WGII, p. 622.

22. C. Allen et al., 2010: “A Global Overview of Drought and Heat-induced Tree Mortality Reveals Emerging Climate Change Risks for Forests,” Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 4, 660–84.

23. H. Adams et al., 2010: “Climate-induced Tree Mortality: Earth System Consequences,” Eos, Transactions, 91, 17.

24. D. Biello, 2008: “Global Warming’s First Mammal Victim?,” News Blog, Scientific American, December 4, 2008, http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=global-warmings-first-mammal-victim-2008-12-04.

25. C. Raxworthy et al., 2008: “Extinction Vulnerability of Tropical Montane Endemism from Warming and Upslope Displacement: A Preliminary Appraisal for the Highest Massif in Madagascar,” Global Change Biology, 14, 8, 1703–20.

26. J.-M. Robine et al., 2008: “Death Toll Exceeded 70,000 in Europe During the Summer of 2003,” C. R. Biologies, 331.

27. G. Jones et al., 2008: “Human Contribution to Rapidly Increasing Frequency of Very Warm Northern Hemisphere Summers,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D02109.

28. “Japan Endures Hottest Summer on Record,” Washington Post, September 2, 2010.

29. F. Kuglitsch et al., 2010: “Heat Wave Changes in the Eastern Mediterranean Since 1960,” Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L04802.

30. K. Petrone et al., 2010: “Streamflow Decline in Southwestern Australia, 1950–2008,” Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L11401.

31. T. Lenton et al., 2008: “Tipping Elements in the Earth’s Climate System,” PNAS, 105, 6, 1786–93.

32. I. Velicogna, 2009: “Increasing Rates of Ice Mass Loss from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets Revealed by GRACE,” Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L19503.

33. J. Chen et al., 2009: “Accelerated Antarctic Ice Loss from Satellite Gravity Measurements,” Nature Geoscience, 2, 859–62.

34. A. Cazenave and W. Llovel, 2010: “Contemporary Sea Level Rise,” Annual Review of Marine Science, 2, 145–73.

35. S. Jevrejeva et al., 2010: “How Will Sea Level Respond to Changes in Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings by 2100?,” Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L07703.

36. S. Rahmstorf et al., 2007: “Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections,” Science, 316, 5825, 709.

37. T. Kuhlbrodt et al., 2009: “An Integrated Assessment of Changes in the Thermohaline Circulation,” Climatic Change, 96, 489–537.

38. Y. Malhi et al., 2009: “Exploring the Likelihood and Mechanism of a Climate-change-induced Dieback of the Amazon Rainforest,” PNAS, 106, 49, 20610–15.

39. E. Schuur et al., 2008: “Vulnerability of Permafrost Carbon to Climate Change: Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle,” Bioscience, 58, 8.

40. C. Tarnocai et al., 2009: “Soil Organic Carbon Pools in the Northern Circumpolar Permafrost Region,” Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB2023.

41. A. Bloom et al., 2010: “Large-Scale Controls of Methanogenesis Inferred from Methane and Gravity Spaceborne Data,” Science, 327, 5963, 322–5.

42. N. Shakhova et al., 2010: “Extensive Methane Venting to the Atmosphere from Sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf,” Science, 327, 5970, 1246–50, and G. Westbrook et al., 2009: “Escape of Methane Gas from the Seabed along the West Spitsbergen Continental Margin,” Geophysical Research Letters,