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43. T. Hughes, 1994: “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef,” Nature, 265, 1547–51.

44. T. Gardner et al., 2003: “Long-Term Region-Wide Declines in Caribbean Corals,” Science, 301, 5635, 958–60.

45. J. Diamond, 2001: “Dammed Experiments!,” Science, 294, 5548, 1847–8.

46. W. Turner et al., 2007: “Global Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services,” BioScience, 57, 10, 868–73.

47. L. Burke and J. Maidens, 2004: “Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean,” World Resources Institute.

48. B. Martin-Lopez et al., 2008: “Economic Valuation of Biodiversity Conservation: the Meaning of Numbers,” Conservation Biology, 22, 3, 505–809.

49. M. Toman, 1998: “Why Not to Calculate the Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital,” Ecological Economics, 25, 1, 57–60.

50. R. Costanza et al., 1997: “The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital,” Nature, 387, 253–60.

51. http://bankofnaturalcapital.com/category/stocks-investments/.

52. TEEB, 2010: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB.

53. UNEP, 2010: “TEEB Report Puts World’s Natural Assets on the Global Political Radar,” press release, October 20, 2010.

54. TEEB, 2010.

55. See http://maluabank.com/products.html.

56. M. Crow and K. Kate, 2010: “Biodiversity Offsets: Policy Options for Government,” BBOP Secretariat (draft publication).

57. World Bank and FAO, 2009: “The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform,” Agriculture and Rural Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

58. UN Convention on Biodiversity, 2010: Decision X/2: The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

2: CLIMATE CHANGE

1. J. Harries et al., 2001: “Increases in Greenhouse Forcing Inferred from the Outgoing Longwave Radiation Spectra of the Earth in 1970 and 1997,” Nature, 410, 355–7.

2. NASA, “NASA Research Finds 2010 Tied for Warmest Year on Record,” 12 January 2011, http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2010-warmestyear.html.

3. See 2009 State of the Climate highlights brochure on http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/bams-sotc/2009/bams-sotc-2009-brochure-lo-rez.pdf.

4. N. Gillett et al., 2003: “Detection of Human Influence on Sea Level Pressure,” Nature, 422, 292–4.

5. V. Ramaswamy et al., 2006: “Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in the Evolution of Lower Stratospheric Cooling,” Science, 311, 5764, 1138–41.

6. B. Santer et al., 2003: “Contributions of Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing to Recent Tropopause Height Changes,” Science, 301, 5632, 479–83.

7. D. Seidel et al., 2008: “Widening of the Tropical Belt in a Changing Climate,” Nature Geoscience, 1, 21–4.

8. See X. Zhang et al., 2007: “Detection of Human Influence on Twentieth-Century Precipitation Trends,” Nature, 448, 461–5, and R. Allan and B. Soden, 2008: “Atmospheric Warming and the Amplification of Precipitation Extremes,” Science, 321, 5895, 1481–4.

9. A. Sibley, 2010: “Analysis of Extreme Rainfall and Flooding in Cumbria 18–20 November 2009,” Weather, 65, 287–92.

10. R. Boswell, 2010: “Another Big-ice Arctic Thaw, Say Experts,” The Vancouver Sun, September 8, 2010, http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Another+Arctic+thaw+experts/3496268/story.html.

11. R. Kwok et al., 2009: “Thinning and Volume Loss of the Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover: 2003–2008,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, C07005.

12. NSIDC, “Arctic Oscillation Brings Record Low January Extent, Unusual Mid-latitude Weather,” February 2, 2011, http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2011/020211.html.

13. M. Wang and J. Overland, 2009: “A Sea Ice Free Summer Arctic Within 30 Years?,” Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L07502.

14. T. Cronin et al., 2010: “Quaternary Sea-ice History in the Arctic Ocean Based on a New Ostracode Sea-ice Proxy,” Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 35–36.

15. V. Petoukhov and V. A. Semenov, 2010: “A Link