The God Species_ How the Planet Can Survive the Age of Humans - Mark Lynas [137]
80. http://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/caportrap.pdf.
81. Reuters, “As Hybrid Cars Gobble Rare Metals, Shortage Looms,” August 31, 2009.
82. Argonne National Laboratory, “An Introduction to ANL’s IFR Program,” http://web.archive.org/web/20071009064447/www.nuc.berkeley.edu/designs/ifr/anlw.html.
83. A 1-GW IFR would use about a tonne of DU per year. There are 686,500 tonnes sitting in storage barrels in Portsmouth, Ohio, and Paducah, Kentucky. The U.S. has about 1,000 GW of installed electrical generation capacity.
84. http://declaration.klimaforum.org/files/declaration/declaration_screen.pdf.
85. See http://www.us-cap.org/.
86. See http://trillionthtonne.org.
87. M. Allen et al., 2009: “The Exit Strategy,” Nature Reports Climate Change, April 30, 2009.
3: NITROGEN
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, entry for “famine”: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine.
2. J. Galloway, 2003: “The Nitrogen Cascade,” BioScience, 53, 4, 341–56.
3. A. Maddison, HS–8: The World Economy, 1–2001 ad, http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/HS-8_2003.pdf.
4. W. Crookes, 1899: The Wheat Problem, G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
5. V. Smil, 2004: Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production, The MIT Press, introduction.
6. See full lecture on http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-lecture.pdf.
7. Smil, cited above, p. 103.
8. Smil, p.105.
9. M. Goran, 1967: The Story of Fritz Haber, University of Oklahoma Press.
10. J. Erisman et al., 2008: “How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World,” Nature Geoscience, 1, 636–9.
11. J. Jackson, 2008: “Ecological Extinction and Evolution in the Brave New Ocean,” PNAS, 105, Supplement 1, 11458–65.
12. R. Diaz and R. Rosenberg, 2008: “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems,” Science, 321, 5891, 926–9.
13. F. Magnani et al., 2008: “Magnani et al. Reply,” Nature, 451, E3–E4.
14. C. Goodale et al., 2002: “Forest Carbon Sinks in the Northern Hemisphere,” Ecological Applications, 12, 3, 891–9.
15. C. Clark and D. Tilman, 2008: “Loss of Plant Species After Chronic Low-Level Nitrogen Deposition to Prairie Grasslands,” Nature, 451, 712–15.
16. R. Duce et al., 2008: “Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean,” Science, 320, 5878, 893–7.
17. A. Oczkowski et al., 2009: “Anthropogenic Enhancement of Egypt’s Mediterranean Fishery,” PNAS, 106, 5, 1364–7.
18. Clark and Tilman, cited above.
19. C. Stevens et al., 2004: “Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on the Species Richness of Grasslands,” Science, 303, 5665, 1876–9.
20. Clark and Tilman, cited above.
21. E. Davidson, 2009: “The Contribution of Manure and Fertilizer Nitrogen to Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide Since 1860,” Nature Geoscience, 2, 659–62.
22. J. Galloway et al., 2008: “Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions,” Science, 320, 5878, 889–92.
23. Economic Commission for Europe: Strategies and Policies for Air Pollution Abatement, http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/ExecutiveBody/2006.Strat.PoliciesReview.E.pdf.
24. Galloway et al., cited above.
25. L. Craig et al., 2008: “Stream Restoration Strategies for Reducing River Nitrogen Loads,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6, 10, 529–38.
26. Galloway et al., cited above.
27. G. Hutton et al., 2007: “Global Cost-Benefit Analysis of Water Supply and Sanitation Interventions,” Journal of Water and Health, 05.4, 481–502.
28. P. Vitousek et al., 2009: “Nutrient Imbalances in Agricultural Development,” Science, 324, 5934, 1519–20.
29. P. Sanchez and M. Swaminathan, 2005: “Hunger in Africa: the Link Between Unhealthy People and Unhealthy Soils,” Lancet, 365, 442–4.
30. Smil, cited above.
31. J. Hodgson et al., 2010: “Comparing Organic Farming and Land Sparing: Optimizing Yield and Butterfly Populations at a Landscape Scale,” Ecology Letters, 13, 11, 1358–67.
32. http://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2010/research/organic-farming/.
33. D. Gabriel et al., 2010: “Scale Matters: The