The Hemlock Cup - Bettany Hughes [239]
8 Xenophon, Symposium, 2.9. Trans. O. J. Todd (1992) [LCL].
9 Plato, Republic, 5.455d. Trans. P. Shorey (1930) [LCL].
10 Plato, Republic, 5.451e-2a. Trans. P. Shorey [LCL].
11 Xenophon, Memorabilia, 3.11.
12 See Zahm (1913), 197–9.
13 Plato, Theaetetus, 149a–51d.
14 Plato, Theaetetus, 149a; Greater Hippias, 298b; Laches, 180d.
15 There is a possibility that Plato was encouraging the character of Socrates to fantasise about his mother here so that he could engender a vivid analogy between the work of a midwife and the fact that Socrates struggled to bring new beings (ideas) into the world. It seems perverse, though, for Socrates to invent something so precise for his own family. The allegory stands whether or not the midwife was Socrates’ own mother. The fact that Phaenarete is described as well-built (genes inherited by her son), and therefore would be well suited to the intensely physical business of pulling healthy children from mothers, is salient.
16 Plato, Theaetetus, 150b–c.
17 Plato, Menexenus, 236b. Trans. W. R. M. Lamb [LCL].
18 IG II 1409.14.
19 Antisthenes, Frag. 142, in Giannantoni, 1990: 2.191 (= Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai, 220d); see also Antisthenes, Aspasia. There is a possibility that this was not an historical incident, but an event fabricated in Attic comedy.
20 See Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 10.223 and Acropolis Museum 1766–67. Payment was for the Sanctuary of Aphrodite Ourania.
CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT
Xanthippe
1 Trans. J. C. Rolfe (1927).
2 Sources for Socrates’ bigamy: Diogenes Laertius, 2.26; Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 15.20.6; cf. Plutarch, Aristides, 27.
3 De Matrimonia, 62 (Haase, 1902, Teubner edition). Text attributed to Seneca the Elder. Fragmentary. Trans. C. A. Stocks (2008) [adapt.].
4 De Matrimonia, 62.
5 See Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 2.26. Trans. R. D. Hicks (1925).
6 Both times at Plato, Phaedo, 60a.
7 Cicero, De Inventione, 31, 52–3.
CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE
Alcibiades: violet-crowned, punch-drunk
1 Trans. A. Nehamas and P. Woodruff (1997).
2 Plato, Symposium, 213c.
3 Lysias, Against Andokides, 51. See also M. Reinhold’s fascinating ‘The history of purple’ (1970).
4 Plutarch, Alcibiades, 11.2. Trans. I. Scott-Kilvert (1960).
5 Aristotle, Politics, 1254b.34–6. Trans. T. A. Sinclair, rev. T. J. Saunders (1981).
6 Plato, Symposium, 218d. Trans. A. Nehamas and P. Woodruff (1997).
7 Plato, Symposium, 215d–e. Trans. C. D. C. Reeve (2006).
8 Xenophon, Memorabilia, 1.3.12–13. Trans. J. Fogel (2002) [adapt.].
9 Socrates was carnal as well as cerebral, and it is little surprise that the story of the Symposium is given to us by Xenophon and Plato within the modest four walls of an Athenian home; where drinking-games, remedies for hiccups and news of neighbours are as much a part of the search for the truth about love, as is Socrates’ definition of what it is to be human.
10 Plato, Alcibiades 1, 134a–b. Trans. W. R. M. Lamb (1927) [LCL].
CHAPTER FORTY
Melos
1 Trans. Brickhouse and Smith (2002).
2 Cleon in Thucydides, 3.38–39. Trans. J. M. Dent (1910) [adapted].
3 Alcibiades may have considered Melos an opportunity to make a favourable impact on the Athenians. See following chapter; this was perhaps a curtain-raiser for the invasion of Sicily.
4 Thucydides, 5.84.
5 Thucydides, 5.105.2. Trans. J. M. Dent (1910).
6 Recent excavated finds held in the Milos Museum since 1984.
7 There is an ancient tradition that Phaedo (the eponym of one of Plato’s Dialogues) was a Melian survivor.
CHAPTER FORTY-ONE
Venus de Milo abused
1 Trans. P. Vellacott (1973).
2 Plutarch, Life of Alcibiades, 16.4–5. ‘And he picked out a woman from among the prisoners of Melos to be his mistress, and reared a son she bore him. This was an instance of what they called his kindness of heart, but the execution of all the grown men of Melos was chiefly due to him, since he supported the decree.’ Trans. B. Perrin (1916) [LCL].
3 Andocides, Against Alcibiades, 22. Trans. K. J. Maidment (1941) [LCL].
4 Hyperides, Frag.