The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [243]
23 A.J.R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808, New York, St Martin's Press, 1992, pp. 159, 168–74; and by the same author 'A Brazilian Commercial Presence beyond the Cape of Good Hope, 16th-19th Centuries', in Pius Malekandathil and Jamal Mohammed, eds, The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800: Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K.S. Mathew, Tellicherry, Kerala, Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR, 2001, p. 205.
24 Russell-Wood, 'Brazilian Commercial Presence', p. 194.
25 Niels Steensgaard, 'Asian Trade 15th-18th Centuries: Continuity and Discontinuities', in Fifteenth International Congress of Historical Sciences, Proceedings, Bucharest, ICHS, 1980, II, p. 497.
26 Ludovico di Varthema, The Itinerary of Ludovico di Varthema of Bologna from 1502 to 1508, ed. R.C. Temple, London, The Argonaut Press, 1928, p. 63. See also Ann G. Carmichael, 'Syphilis and the Columbian Exchange: Was the New Disease really New?', in Mario Gomes Marques and John Cule, eds, The Great Maritime Discoveries and World Health, Lisbon, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Ordem dos Médicos, Instituto de Sintra, 1991, pp. 187–200.
27 Osamu Kondo, 'Japan and the Indian Ocean at the Time of the Mughal Empire, with Special Reference to Gujarat', in Satish Chandra, ed., The Indian Ocean, New Delhi, Sage, 1987, p. 175.
28 Catherine Raymond, 'Religious and Scholarly Exchanges between the Singhalese Sangha and the Arakanese and Burmese Theravadin Communities: Historical Documentation and Physical Evidence', in Om Prakash and Denys Lombard, eds, Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1800, Delhi, Manohar, 1999, pp. 87–114.
29 See on the hajj my Pious Passengers, passim.
30 J. Kathirithamby-Wells, 'The Islamic City: Melaka to Jogjakarta, c. 1500–1800', Modern Asian Studies, XX, 1986, pp. 343–4.
31 Lobo, Itinerary, pp. 286–7.
32 Albert Gray, trans. and ed., The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, London, Hakluyt, 1887–90, 2 vols, I, pp. 110, 165. For the following section and the quotations in it see my Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, chapter 5, and The Portuguese in India, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987, chapter 5.
33 Robert C.-H. Shell, 'Islam in Southern Africa, 1652–1998', in Nehemia Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels, eds, The History of Islam in Africa, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2000, p. 328.
34 Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, vol. I, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000, pp. 444, 406.
35 See Artur Teodoro de Matos, '"Quem vai ao mar em terra se avia." Preparativos e recomendações aos passageiros da Carreira de India no seculo XVII', in Artur Teodoro de Matos and Luís Filipe F. Reis Thomaz, eds, A carreira da India e as rotas dos estreitos (actas do VIII Seminario Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa), Angra do Heroísmo, Secretaria Regional Assuntos Culturais, 1998, pp. 377–94.
36 A.R. Disney, 'Getting to the China Mission in the Early Seventeenth Century', in Artur Teodoro de Matos and Luís Filipe F. Reis Thomaz, eds, As relações entre a India Portuguesa, a Asia do Sueste e o Extremo Oriente (actas do VI Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa), Macau, no publisher, 1993, pp. 102–3, 105.
37 Anthony R. Disney, 'The World of Long-Distance Voyaging in the Seventeenth Century: The Lisbon–Goa fleet of 1629 as a Case Study', in K.S. Mathew, ed., Studies in Maritime History, Pondicherry, Pondicherry University, 1990, p. 150.
38 Lobo, Itinerary, pp. 300–1.
39 Quoted in Anne Bulley, The Bombay Country Ships, 1790–1833, London, Curzon, 2000, p. 231.
40 Abbé Carré, The Travels of Abbé Carré in India and the Middle East,