The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [242]
6 The early modern Indian Ocean world
1 Quoted in R.J. Barendse, The Arabian Seas, 1640–1700, Leiden, Research School, CNWS, Leiden University, 1998, p. 157.
2 Quoted in Gillian Tindall, City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1992, p. 102.
3 John Correia-Afonso, ed., Intrepid Itinerant: Manuel Godinho and his Journey from India to Portugal in 1663, Bombay, Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 47–9.
4 Sir James Lancaster, The Voyage of Sir James Lancaster to Brazil and the East Indies, 1591–1603, ed. W. Foster, London, Hakluyt, 1940, pp. 3, 6.
5 John O'Kane, trans. and ed., The Ship of Sulaiman, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972, pp. 181, 171.
6 Luis Filipe F.R. Thomaz, 'Malaka et ses communautés marchandes au tournant du 16e siècle', in Denys Lombard and Jean Aubin, eds, Marchands et hommes d'affairs asiatiques dans l'Océan Indien et la Mer de Chine 13e-20e siècles, Paris, Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1988, p. 42.
7 Quoted in M.N. Pearson, Pious Passengers: The Hajj in Earlier Times, New Delhi, Sterling, 1994, p. 71.
8 Indrani Ray, The French East India Company and the Trade of the Indian Ocean: A Collection of Essays, ed. Lakshmi Subramanian, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 177–200.
9 R.J. Barendse, 'Trade and State in the Arabian Seas: A Survey from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century', Journal of World History, XI, 2000, pp. 206–7.
10 O'Kane, trans. and ed., Sulaiman, p. 168. See also Correia-Afonso, ed., Godinho, pp. 117–19 for a detailed description by one who had been to both Mannar and Bahrain.
11 Sir Thomas Bowrey, A Geographical Account of Countries Around the Bay of Bengal, Cambridge, Hakluyt, 1905, pp. 73–6.
12 Jerónimo Lobo, The Itinerary of Jerónimo Lobo, trans. Donald M. Lockhart, London, Hakluyt, 1984, pp. 89–90.
13 Ashin Das Gupta, 'Gujarati Merchants and the Red Sea Trade, 1700–1725', reprinted in Uma Das Gupta, ed., The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500–1800: Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 369–70.
14 See Levon Khatchikian, 'The Ledger of the Merchant Hovhannes Joughayetsi', in Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ed., Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World, Aldershot, Variorum, 1996, pp. 125–58.
15 Barendse, 'Trade and State,' p. 225; Michel Aghassian and Keram Kevonian, 'Le commerce arménien dans l'Océan Indien aux 17e et 18e siêcles', in Lombard and Aubin, eds, Marchands et hommes d'affairs, pp. 155–81.
16 S. Arasaratnam, 'Merchants, Commerce and the State in South India, 1650–1700', in Revista de Cultura [Macau], nos. 13/14, 1991, p. 158.
17 Bowrey, A Geographical Account, pp. 257–8. On this community see Sinnappah Arasaratnam, 'The Chulia Muslim Merchants in Southeast Asia, 1650–1800', reprinted in Subrahmanyam, ed., Merchant Networks.
18 Stephen Frederic Dale, Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
19 Dennis O. Flynn, 'Comparing the Tokagawa Shogunate with Hapsburg Spain: Two Silver-based Empires in a Global Setting', in James D. Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 336.
20 Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, 'Born with a "Silver Spoon": The Origin of World Trade in 1571', Journal of World History, VI, 1995, p. 203. They seem to be unaware that Europe always retained more precious metals than it exported.
21 For an overview of the bullion trade in the Indian Ocean in the early modern period see M.N. Pearson, 'Asia and World Precious Metal Flows in the Early Modern Period', in John McGuire, Patrick Bertola and Peter Reeves, eds, Evolution of the World Economy, Precious Metals and India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 21–57.
22 M.D.D. Newitt, A History of Mozambique, 1994, London, Hurst, p. 127; John Middleton, The