The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [241]
55 Willard A. Hanna, Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands, Philadelphia, Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1978, p. 63, and generally for the Dutch in the Bandas.
56 Kristof Glamman, Dutch–Asiatic Trade, 1620–1740, Copenhagen, Danish Scientific Press, 1958, p. 109.
57 Mark Vink, 'The Dutch East India Company and the Pepper Trade between Kerala and Tamilnad, 1663–1795: A Geo-Historical Analysis', in K.S. Mathew, ed., Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History, New Delhi, Manohar, 1995, pp. 274–6.
58 Els M. Jacobs, In Pursuit of Pepper and Tea: The Story of the Dutch East India Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands Maritime Museum, 1991, p. 77.
59 J. Kathirithamby-Wells, 'Introduction', in J. Kathirithamby-Wells and John Villiers, eds, The Southeast Asian Port and Polity, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1990.
60 Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise.
61 Quoted in Niels Steensgaard, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974, p. 407.
62 R. Raben, 'European Periphery at the Heart of the Ocean: The Maldives, 17th–18th Centuries', in J. Everaert and J. Parmentier, eds, International Conference on Shipping, Factories and Colonization (Brussels, 24–26 November 1994), Brussels, Koninklijke Academie van Belgie, 1996.
63 Furber, Rival Empires, p. 231.
64 Prakash's numerous articles on this and related topics have been conveniently collected in Precious Metals and Commerce: The Dutch East India Company in the Indian Ocean Trade, Aldershot, Variorum, 1994.
65 S. Arasaratnam, 'Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century', in K.S. Mathew, ed., Mariners, Merchants and Oceans, pp. 195–208.
66 Rajat Datta, 'Markets, Bullion and Bengal's Commercial Economy: An Eighteenth Century Perspective', in Prakash and Lombard, eds, Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, p. 331.
67 Niels Steensgaard, 'The Indian Ocean Network and the Emerging World-Economy, c. 1500–1750', in Satish Chandra, ed., The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, New Delhi, Sage, 1987, pp. 125–50.
68 Ashin Das Gupta, 'India and the Indian Ocean in the Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M.N. Pearson, eds, India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800, Calcutta, 1987, New Delhi, 1999, pp. 131–61, especially p. 134.
69 For this data on the Portuguese in East Africa see my Port Cities and Intruders, pp. 129–54, and the sources there cited.
70 See again Port Cities and Intruders, pp. 129–54, and my 'The Search for the Similar: Early Contacts between Portuguese and Indians', in Jens Christian V. Johansen, Erling Ladewig Petersen and Henrik Stevnsborg, eds, Clashes of Cultures: Essays in Honour of Niels Steensgaard, Odense, Odense University Press, 1992, pp. 144–59.
71 See my 'First Contacts between Indian and European Medical Systems: Goa in the Sixteenth Century', in David Arnold ed., Warm Climates and Western Medicine: The Emergence of Tropical Medicine, 1500–1900, Amsterdam, Editions Rodopi (The Wellcome Institute Series in the History of Medicine), 1996, pp. 20–41, and my 'Hindu Medical Practice in Sixteenth-Century Western India: Evidence from the Portuguese Records', Portuguese Studies, XVII, 2001, pp. 100–13 for this section, and the quotations in it.
72 Georg Schurhammer, Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times, India, Rome, Jesuit Historical Institute, 1977, vol. II, p. 96.
73 Mrs Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, The Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies, London, J. Nourse, 1777, pp. 66–7, 169.
74 Leonard Blussé, Strange company: Chinese settlers, Mestizo Women, and the Dutch in VOC Batavia, Dordrecht and Riverton, Foris Publications, 1986.
75 G.V. Scammell, 'European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia, c. 1500–1750', in K.S. Mathew, ed., Mariners, Merchants and Oceans, p. 123.
76 John