The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [240]
29 Mitchell, Pirates, p. 89.
30 Sir Thomas Bowrey, A Geographical Account of Countries Around the Bay of Bengal, Cambridge, Hakluyt, 1905, p. 262.
31 Mitchell, Pirates, pp. 107–8.
32 For all this section on the spice trade see my 'Introduction', in Spices in the Indian Ocean World, 'An Expanding World, vol. 11' Aldershot, Variorum, 1996, pp. xv-xxxvii, and the sources there cited.
33 Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, Mito e mercadoria, utopia e prática de navegar, séculos XIII-XVIII, Lisbon, Difusão Editorial, 1990, p. 331.
34 Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, London, Collins, 1972, 2 vols, I, p. 549.
35 Generally for the Portuguese in East Africa see M.N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, pp. 129–54.
36 Pius Malekandathil, The Germans, the Portuguese and India, Munster, LIT, 1999, p. 100.
37 A.J.R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808, St Martin's Press, New York, 1992, p. 64, and many other examples on pp. 63–122.
38 T. Bentley Duncan, 'Navigation between Portugal and Asia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries', in Cyriac K. Pullapilly, et al., eds, Asia and the West: Encounters and Exchanges from the Age of Explorations: Essays in Honor of Donald F. Lach, Notre Dame, Ind., Cross Roads Books, 1986.
39 João dos Santos, Ethiopia Oriental, Lisbon, Escriptorio da Empreza, 1891, 2 vols, I, pp. i, 17.
40 Diogo do Couto, Da Asia, Lisboa, Na Regia officina typografica, 1777–88, IX, cap. 22.
41 See C.R. Boxer, From Lisbon to Goa, 1500–1750: Studies in Portuguese Maritime Enterprise, Aldershot, Variorum, 1984, especially 'The Principal Ports of Call in the "Carreira da India",' and 'Moçambique Island and the "Carreira da India"', for copious detail on the Portuguese in Mozambique, their forts and their illnesses.
42 Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, História do descobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses, 3rd ed., Coímbra, Impr. da Universidade, 1924–33, 9 vols, VII, pp. 87–8.
43 Generally for 'corruption' see my Coastal Western India, pp. 18–25.
44 De Barros Da Asia, I, iv, 3.
45 Gaspar Correia, Lendas da India, Lisbon, Typ. da Academia real das Sciencias, 1858–64, 4 vols, I, p. 273.
46 Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, Os descobrimentos e a economia mundial, 2nd ed., Lisbon, Editorial Presença, 1981–83, 4 vols, I, pp. 192–4.
47 Correia, Lendas da India, I, pp. 537–44.
48 Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'Notes on the Political Economy of Portuguese Asia, 1523–1526', in Teotonio R. de Souza, ed., Vasco da Gama and India, International Conference, Lisbon, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1999, 3 vols, II, pp. 47–65.
49 The activities of the northern European trading companies have been splendidly covered in two books, the first a classic, the second the best modern survey: Holden Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1976; Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998. Details on all the matters sketched here will be found in these books.
50 Quoted in Devleena Ghosh and Stephen Muecke, 'Indian Ocean Stories', UTS Review, 'The Indian Ocean', ed. Ghosh and Muecke, VI, 2, November 2000, p. 28.
51 Samuel Pepys' Diary, quoted in Gillian Tindall, City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1992, p. v.
52 Denys Lombard, 'Questions on the Contact between European Companies and Asian Societies', in L. Blussé and F. Gaastra, eds, Companies and Trade, Leiden, Leiden University Press, 1981, p. 187.
53 Again, data on the spice trade is mostly from my 'Introduction' to Spices in the Indian Ocean World.
54 Excellent data in Anthony Reid, 'An "Age of Commerce" in SE Asian History', Modern Asian Studies, 24, 1990, pp. 1–30, especially