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Much of my discussion of the Portuguese in this chapter draws on parts of these books, and on my The Portuguese in India, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987. I have also of course taken account of a host of new publications which have appeared since these early efforts of mine.

15 João de Barros, Da Asia, Lisboa, Na Regia officina typografica, 1777–88, I, vi, l.

16 Michel Mollat du Jourdin, Europe and the Sea, Oxford, Blackwell, 1993, pp. 28–31.

17 M. Tull, 'Maritime History in Australia', in Frank Broeze, ed., Maritime History at the Crossroads: A Critical Review of Recent Historiography, St John's, Canada, International Maritime Economic History Association, 1996, pp. 7–8; Mark Vink, 'Mare Liberum and Dominium Maris: Legal Arguments and Implications of the Luso–Dutch Struggle for control over Asian Waters, c. 1600–1663', in K.S. Mathew, ed., Studies in Maritime History, Pondicherry, Pondicherry University, 1990, p. 48.

18 L.F. Thomaz, 'Portuguese Control over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal: A Comparative Study', in Om Prakash and Denys Lombard, eds, Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1800, Delhi, Manohar, 1999, pp. 117, 141, 158. See also Luis Filipe F.R. Thomaz, 'Precedents and Parallels of the Portuguese Cartaz System', in Pius Malekandethil and T. Jamal Mohammed, eds, The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800: Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K.S. Mathew, Tellicherry, Kerala, Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR, 2001, pp. 67–85 for a rather unconvincing attempt to find precedents for the Portuguese system.

19 See respectively my Coastal Western India, New Delhi, 1981, p. 27; and B. Schrieke, 'The Shifts in Political and Economic Power in the Indonesian Archipelago in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century', in Indonesian Sociological Studies, The Hague, W. van Hoeve, 1955, vol. I, pp. 26, 70.

20 Dr M.A. Muid Khan, 'Indo-Portuguese Struggle for Maritime Supremacy (As gleaned from an Unpublished Arabic Urjuza: Fathul Mubiyn)', in P.M. Joshi and M.A. Nayeem, eds, Studies in the Foreign Relations of India (From Earliest Times to 1947) Prof. H.K. Sherwani Felicitation Volume, Hyderabad, State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1975, pp. 165–83.

21 Zain-ud-din, Tohfut-ul-Mujahideen, trans. M.J. Rowlandson, London, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1833, p. 107.

22 Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and its Invaders, London, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 120.

23 Bailey Diffie and George Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1977, pp. 224–5.

24 Thomaz, 'Portuguese control over the Arabian Sea', pp. 122–4, 158.

25 See Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History, London, Longman, 1993, pp. 249–61 and other works cited there for a full discussion.

26 Lakshmi Subramanian, 'Of Pirates and Potentates: Maritime Jurisdiction and the Construction of Piracy in the Indian Ocean', in Devleena Ghosh and Stephen Muecke, eds, The UTS Review: Cultural Studies and New Writing, VI, 2, November 2000, 'The Indian Ocean', p. 21.

27 David Mitchell, Pirates, London, Thames and Hudson, 1976, p. 101.

28 Barendse, 'Trade and State', p. 191, f.n. 71. See four recent studies on this topic: Roderich Ptak, 'Piracy along the Coasts of Southwest India and Ming China', in Artur Teodoro de Matos and Luís Filipe F. Reis Thomaz, eds, As relações entre a India Portuguesa, a Asia do Sueste e o Extremo Oriente (actas do VI Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa), Macau, no publisher, 1993, pp. 255–73; in the same publication Luis Filipe F.R. Thomaz, 'Do Cabo Espichel a Macau: Vicissitudes do corso Português', pp. 537–68; Patricia Risso, 'Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Piracy: Maritime Violence in the Western Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf Region during the long Eighteenth Century', Journal of World History, XII, 2001, pp. 293–319, and J.L.