The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [238]
147 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, IV, pp. 911–12.
148 F. Hirth and W.W. Rockhill, trans. and ed., Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chi, St Petersburg, 1911 [New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp], p. 111 and f.n. 2.
149 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, I, pp. 25–7; for other prayers see Tibbetts, Arab Navigation, pp. 193–4.
150 Subrahmanyam in Prakash and Lombard, eds, Commerce and Culture, p. 60; John O'Kane, trans. and ed., The Ship of Sulaiman, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972, p. 26.
151 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, III, p. 393.
152 Abd-er-Razzak in R.H. Major, ed., India in the Fifteenth Century, London, Hakluyt, 1857, pp. 45–9.
153 Mathers and Mardrus, trans., Thousand Nights, pp. 260–1, 305.
154 Ibn Jubayr, India in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 66–70.
155 Abd-er-Razzak in Major, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, pp. 4, 7–8, 12–13.
156 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, III, pp. 361, 393.
157 Ibid., pp. III, pp. 600–2.
158 Ibid., IV, p. 857.
159 Ibid., IV, p. 814.
160 Dunn, Adventures of Ibn Battuta, p. 247.
161 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, IV, p. 826.
162 Abdul Sheriff, '"Brotherhood of the Sea"', in Rosa Maria Perez, ed., Cultures of the Indian Ocean, Lisbon, CNCDP, 1998.
5 Europeans in an Indian Ocean world
1 K.M. Panikkar, India and the Indian Ocean: An Essay on the Influence of Sea Power on Indian History, London, Allen & Unwin, 1945, p. 38.
2 Andrew C. Hess, 'The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries, 1453–1525', American Historical Review, LXXV, 1970, pp. 1892–919.
3 Dr John Fryer, A New Account of East India and Persia, London, Hakluyt, 1909–15, 3 vols, I, p. 302.
4 Jahangir, Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, London, Royal Asiatic Society, 1909–14, 2 vols, I, pp. 4 16–19.
5 R.J. Barendse, 'Trade and State in the Arabian Seas: A Survey from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century', Journal of World History, XI, 2000, pp. 212–14.
6 See for an overview and more sources Om Prakash, Asia and the Pre-Modern World Economy, Leiden, University of Leiden, 1995; Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630–1720, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1985, p. 5; H.W. Van Santen, De Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in Gujarat en Hindustan, 1620–1660, University of Leiden, Ph.D. thesis, 1982, pp. 206–12.
7 S.N.Banhatti, ed., Ajnapatra, Nagpur and Pune, Suvichar Prakashan Mandal, 4th edn. 1961, repr. 1986, pp. 89, 90–1.
8 See especially Ashin Das Gupta, 'Trade and Politics in 18th-century India', in D.S. Richards, ed., Islam and the Trade of Asia, Oxford, Cassirer, pp. 181–214.
9 Quoted in Basil Davidson, The Search for Africa: A History in the Making, London, James Currey, 1994, p. 12; Chandra Richard de Silva, 'Islands and Beaches: Indigenous Relations with the Portuguese in Sri Lanka after Vasco da Gama', in Anthony Disney and Emily Booth, eds, Vasco da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 283.
10 K.C. Fok, 'Early Ming Images of the Portuguese', in Roderich Ptak, ed., Portuguese Asia, Stuttgart, Steiner, 1987, p. 145.
11 Jacques Le Goff, 'The Medieval West and the Indian Ocean: An Oneiric Horizon', in his Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 189–200, e.g. 195.
12 Sir John Mandeville, Mandeville's Travels, ed. M. Letts, London, Hakluyt, 1953, pp. 116–26; the quotation is on p. 117.
13 Sanjay Subrahmanyam and L.F. Thomaz, 'Evolution of Empire: The Portuguese in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century', in James Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 304.
14 For these estimates see my Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1976, and Coastal Western India, New Delhi, Concept, 1981.