The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [237]
116 Vincent Le Blanc, The World Surveyed, London, printed for J. Starkey, 1660, p. 47. See also a long and very valuable account by Cesare Federici in Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Glasgow, J. MacLehose, 1903, 12 vols, V, pp. 375–6.
117 Pires, The Suma Oriental, II, 273–4.
118 Barbosa, Livro, II, p. 77.
119 Ma Huan, The Overall Survey, pp. 140–3; the quotation is on p. 143.
120 Tampoe, Maritime Trade, p. 129; Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, The Book of Wonders, pp. 62–4.
121 Philip Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1984.
122 See the following excellent study, which puts forward 'circulation' as being characteristic of Indian merchants, as compared with their being a version of a diaspora: Claude Markovits, The Global World of Indian Merchants, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
123 Barendse, 'Trade and State', pp. 186–8.
124 For European parallels see Michel Mollat du Jourdin, Europe and the Sea, Oxford, Blackwell, 1993, pp. 99–100.
125 See the exemplary study: Luis Filipe F.R. Thomaz, 'Malaka et ses communautés marchandes au tournant du 16e siècle', in Lombard and Aubin, eds, Merchands et hommes d'affairs, pp. 31–48.
126 Barbosa, Livro, II, p. 76.
127 Andaya, 'Saudagar Raja', passim.
128 For general discussion see Sanjay Subrahmanyam, '"Persianization" and "Mercantialism": Two themes in Bay of Bengal History, 1400–1700', in Prakash and Lombard, eds, Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, pp. 47–85.
129 Numerous studies by Anthony Reid, such as 'An "Age of Commerce" in SE Asian History', Modern Asian Studies, 24, 1990, 1–30; J. Kathirithamby-Wells, 'Introduction', in J. Kathirithamby-Wells and John Villiers, eds, The Southeast Asian Port and Polity, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1990, pp. 2–3.
130 Arun Das Gupta, 'The Maritime Trade of Indonesia, 1500–1800', in Ashin Das Gupta and M.N. Pearson, eds, India and the Indian Ocean, Calcutta, Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 240–75; for a contrary view, Christopher Wake, 'Banten around the Turn of the Sixteenth Century: Trade and Society in an Indonesian Port City', in Frank Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of Asia from the 13th to the 20th Centuries, London, Kegan Paul International, 1997, pp. 66–108.
131 J. Kathirithamby-Wells, 'Introduction', passim.
132 Powys Mathers, and J.C. Mardrus, trans., The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night, London, Routledge, 7th impression, 1949, vol. II, pp. 287–9.
133 Ibid., pp. 250, 261, 303–4. Sindbad made seven voyages, and these make up part of the very large compilation called The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night.
134 Ghosh, Antique Land, pp. 157–8.
135 Tampoe, Maritime Trade, p. 126.
136 R.B. Serjeant, 'Yemeni Merchants and Trade in Yemen, 13th-16th Centuries', in Lombard and Aubin, eds, Marchands et hommes d'affairs, p. 69.
137 S.D. Goitein, 'From the Mediterranean to India: Documents on the trade to India, South Arabia and East Africa, from the Eleventh and Twelfth centuries', Speculum, 29, 1954, pp. 191–5.
138 S.D. Goitein, 'Portrait of a Medieval India Trader: Three Letters from the Cairo Geniza', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, L, 1987, pp. 449–64.
139 One influential book was Theda Skocpol, ed., Bringing the State back In, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985.
140 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, IV, p. 865.
141 Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, II, pp. 389, 392.
142 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, IV, p. 800.
143 Roderich Ptak, ed., J.V.G. Mills, trans., The Overall Survey of the Star Raft by Fei Hsin, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1996, p. 86.
144 Tibbetts, Arab Navigation, p. 202.
145 Ghosh, Antique Land, pp. 257–8.
146 Craig T. Palmer, 'The Ritual Taboos of Fishermen: An Alternative Explanation',