The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [236]
90 Hermann Kulke, 'Rivalry and Competition in the Bay of Bengal in the Eleventh Century and its bearing on Indian Ocean Studies', in Om Prakash and Denys Lombard, eds, Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1800, Delhi, Manohar, 1999, pp. 17–36.
91 Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, I, pp. 234–5, 390.
92 Chen Dasheng and Denys Lombard, 'Le rôle des étrrangers dans le commerce maritime de Quanzhou ('Zaitun') aux 13e et 14e siècles', in Lombard and Aubin, eds, Marchands et hommes d'affairs, pp. 21–9.
93 Angela Schottenhammer, 'The Maritime Trade of Quanzhou (Zaitun) from the Ninth through the Thirteenth Century', in Himanshu Prabha Ray, ed., Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period, Delhi, Pragati Publications, 1999, pp. 271–90.
94 Two slightly different translations of the first quotation in Levathes, When China Ruled the Sea, opposite the title page, and in Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese p. 89. The second quotation from H.P. Ray, 'An analysis of the Chinese Maritime Voyages into the Indian Ocean during the Early Ming Dynasty and their Raison d'être', China Reports, 23,1987, p. 70.
95 Mills introduction to Ma Huan, The Overall Survey, pp. 2–3.
96 Richard Barker, 'The Size of the Treasure Ships and other Chinese Vessels', Mariner's Mirror, 75, 1989, pp. 273–5.
97 Generally see the several studies by Roderich Ptak cited above, and for a breezy account Levathes. See also Haraprasad Ray, 'An analysis of the Chinese Maritime Voyages', pp. 65–87, which includes a useful table of the various voyages.
98 Sanneh in Pomper, ed., World History, p. 128.
99 Barbosa, Livro, II, pp. 227–9.
100 See G. Rex Smith and Ahmad 'Umar al-Zayla'i, trans. and ed., Bride of the Red Sea: A 10th/16th century Account of Jeddah, Durham, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham, 1984, for a long and pious account of Jiddah and its association with Mecca, its walls, mosques, etc.
101 João de Barros, Da Asia, Lisboa, Na Regia officina typografica, 1777–88, II, viii, 1; III, i, 3.
102 Ibid., II, vii, p. 8.
103 Moira Tampoe, Maritime trade between China and the West: An Archaeological Study of the Ceramics from Siraf (Persian Gulf), 8th to 15th centuries A.D., Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, 1989; Hourani, Arab Seafaring, p. 69.
104 A. Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD: The Narrative of Joseph the Indian, Mannanam, Research Institute for Studies in History, 1984, pp. 152–5.
105 Quoted in Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500–1650, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 7.
106 Pires, The Suma Oriental, I, pp. 41–2.
107 Horton and Middleton, The Swahili, p. 89; M.N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders, pp. 101–28.
108 Tampoe, Maritime Trade, p. 105.
109 Amitav Ghosh, In an Antique Land: History in the Guise of a Traveler's Tale, New York, Vintage Books, 1993, pp. 257–8.
110 Bhaswati Bhattacharya, 'The Chulia Merchants of Southern Coromandel in the Eighteenth Century: A Case for Continuity', in Prakash and Lombard, eds, Commerce and Culture, pp. 285–306; Barbara Watson Andaya, 'The Indian Saudagar Raja (the King's Merchant) in Traditional Malay Courts', Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, LI, 1978, pp. 13–35.
111 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, II, pp. 374.
112 Ibid., II, pp. 383–4.
113 Ibid., IV, p. 826.
114 Haraprasad Ray, 'Historical Contacts between Quilon and China', in Pius Malekandathil and Jamal Mohammed, eds, The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800: Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K.S. Mathew, Tellicherry, Kerala, Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR, 2001, p. 392.
115 Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, I, pp. 363, 367–8. The editors