The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [235]
63 Barbosa, Livro, II, pp. 75–6.
64 J. Kathirithamby-Wells, 'The Islamic City: Melaka to Jogjakarta, c. 1500–1800', Modern Asian Studies, XX, 1986, p. 342 and passim.
65 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, IV, p. 816; Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, p. 66.
66 Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, p. 65.
67 There is a good overview in Roderich Ptak, 'China and the Trade in Cloves, circa 960–1435,' in Roderich Ptak, China's Seaborne Trade with South and Southeast Asia (1200–1750), Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999. Much of this discussion of the spice trade draws on my 'Introduction', Spices in the Indian Ocean World, 'An Expanding World, vol. 11', Aldershot, Variorum, 1996, pp. xv-xxxvii.
68 Quoted in B. Schrieke, Indonesian Sociological Studies, The Hague, W. van Hoeve, 1955, vol. I, p. 18.
69 Tomé Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, ed. A. Cortesão, London, Hakluyt, 1944, 2 vols, I, pp. 45, 42.
70 Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, I, pp. 234–5, 390.
71 Roderich Ptak, 'Asian Trade in Spices, circa 1500: Quantities and Trade Routes – A synopsis of Portuguese and Other Sources', in R. Ptak, China's Seaborne Trade with South and Southeast Asia (1200–1750), Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999.
72 Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, I, pp. 331–2.
73 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, II, pp. 408–9.
74 For the bullion trade see my 'Asia and World Precious Metal Flows in the Early Modern Period', in John McGuire, Patrick Bertola and Peter Reeves, eds, Evolution of the World Economy, Precious Metals and India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 21–57, and sources there cited.
75 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, IV, p. 827. Generally see H.Ulrich Vogel, 'Cowry Trade and its Role in the Economy of Yunnan, the Ninth to the Middle of the Seventeenth Century', in Roderich Ptak and Dietmar Rothermund, eds, Emporia, Commodities and Entrepreneurs in Asian Maritime Trade, c. 1400–1750, Stuttgart, Steiner, 1991, pp. 231–62; Jan Hogendorn and Marion Johnson, The Shell Money of the Slave Trade, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1986; and James Heimann, 'Small Change and Ballast: Cowry Trade and Usage as an Example of Indian Ocean Economic History', South Asia, III, 1980, pp. 48–69.
76 Richard Pankhurst, 'Ethiopia across the Red Sea and Indian Ocean', Africa News Service, 17 May 1999; Philip Snow, The Star Raft: China's Encounter with Africa, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1989, pp. 16–20; Anthony Reid, The Land Below the Winds, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988, pp. 129–36.
77 A. Rougeulle, 'Medieval Trade Networks in the Western Indian Ocean (8–14th Cent): Some Reflections from the Distribution Patterns of Chinese Imports in the Islamic World', in Himanshu Prabha Ray and Jean-Francois Salles, eds, Tradition and Archeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, New Delhi, Manohar, 1996, p. 176 and passim.
78 Barbosa, Livro, I, pp. 6–8, 22–3.
79 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, II, p. 400.
80 Luis Filipe F.R. Thomaz, 'Malaka et ses communautés marchandes au tournant du 16e siècle', in Lombard and Aubin, eds, Marchands et hommes d'affairs, p. 31; Luis Filipe F.R. Thomaz, 'Malacca: The Town and the Society during the First Century of Portuguese Rule', in Revista de Cultura, 13/14, 1991, pp. 68–79.
81 R.J. Barendse, 'Trade and State in the Arabian Seas: A Survey from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century', Journal of World History, XI, 2000, pp. 173–225.
82 Horton and Middleton, The Swahili, p. 76.
83 Snow, Star Raft, pp. 1, 24–5; Levathes, When China Ruled the Sea, p. 140.
84 G.P.S. Freeman-Grenville, 'A Beach Find in the Northern Territory, Australia', in Victor T. King and A.V.M. Horton, eds, From Buckfast to Borneo, Hull, University of Hull, 1995, pp. 536–40.
85 Hourani, Arab Seafaring, pp. 74–5.
86 Barbosa, Livro, II, pp. 76–7.
87 Ptak, 'Images', especially p. 55.
88 Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, p. 75.
89 Roderich Ptak, 'China