The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [234]
33 Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, pp. 66–70
34 Alfred Clark, 'Medieval Arab Navigation on the Indian Ocean: Latitude Determination', Journal of the American Oriental Society, 113, 1993, pp. 360–74. For Ibn Majid and his work see Tibbetts, Arab Navigation, passim, and Ibrahim Khoury, As-Sufaliyya, 'The Poem of Sofala,' by Ahmed ibn Magid Translated and Explained, Coimbra, Centro de Estudos da Cartográfia Antiga, 1983.
35 Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, The Book of the Wonders of India, trans. and ed. G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville, London, East–West Publications, 1981, pp. 27–8, 49–54.
36 Paul Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya Press, 1961, pp. 91–103.
37 Ma Huan, The Overall Survey, pp. 236–302, especially pp. 253–4.
38 See Roderich Ptak, 'Images of Maritime Asia in Two Yuan Texts: Daoyi zhilue and Yiyu zhi', in R. Ptak, China and the Asian Seas: Trade, Travel and Visions of the Other (1400–1750), Aldershot, Variorum, 1998, especially p. 55.
39 Gari Ledyard, 'Cartography in Korea', History of Cartography, II, 2, pp. 243–9.
40 John Villiers, 'Ships, Seafaring and the Iconography of Voyages in the Age of Vasco da Gama', in Anthony Disney and Emily Booth, eds, Vasco da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 75–6.
41 Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, p. 37; and for Portuguese sources see M.N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, pp. 70–2.
42 Piri Reis, Kitab-i Bahriye (with an English translation), Ankara, Historical Research Foundation, Istanbul Research Centre, 1988, 4 vols, respectively I, pp. 91–3, 119–53, and 9.
43 Ross Dunn, Adventures of Ibn Battuta, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1986.
44 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, II, pp. 374–82.
45 Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta IV, pp. 812–17.
46 Richard C. Martin, ed., Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1985, pp. 94–5.
47 David Parkin and Stephen C. Headley, eds, Islamic Prayer across the Indian Ocean: Inside and Outside the Mosque, London, Curzon, 2000, p. 3.
48 Dunn, Adventures, p. 116.
49 Paul Sinclair, 'Archeology in East Africa: An Overview of current Chronological Issues', Journal of African History, 32, 1991, p. 181.
50 Ibn Shahriyar, The Book of the Wonders of India, pp. 10, 31–6, 38, 102, 105.
51 al-Biruni, Alberuni's India, trans. and ed. Edward Sachau, Delhi, S. Chand, 1964, 2 vols, I, p. 270.
52 John Middleton, The World of the Swahili, An African Mercantile Civilisation, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1982, passim, e.g. p. 37.
53 John Sutton, A Thousand Years of East Africa, Nairobi, British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1990, pp. 67–8.
54 H.T. Wright, 'Trade and Politics on the Eastern Littoral of Africa, AD 800–1300', in Thurstan Shaw et al., eds, The Archeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, London, Routledge, 1993, pp. 669–71.
55 Correia, Lendas da India, I, pp. 75–6.
56 Barbosa, Livro, II, pp. 74–8.
57 The best modern overviews are by Anthony Reid, 'The Islamization of Southeast Asia', in Muhammad Abu Bakar, Amarjit Kaur and Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, eds, Historia: Essays in Commemoration of the 25th Anniversary of the Department of History, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya, 1984, pp. 13–33, which is excellent on disentangling motivations, and M.C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1981, pp. 3–13.
58 Randall Pouwels, 'East African Coastal History: Review Article', Journal of African History, 40, 1999, pp. 285–96, especially p. 287.
59 Horton and Middleton, The Swahili, pp. 179 et seq.
60 A theme worked out in detail in Parkin and Headley, Islamic Prayer, op. cit.
61 Dunn, Adventures of Ibn Battuta, p. 125.
62 Stephen Dale, Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mapillas of Malabar (1498–1922), Oxford,