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5. “DO UNPLEASANT THINGS”: q. Burckhardt, xix. “TOOK PAINS TO SHINE”: Sigismondo de Conti, q. Burchard, xvii. “BRILLIANTLY SKILLED”: Jacopo Gherardi da Volterra, q. Mallett, 84. “IRON TO A MAGNET”: q. Routh, 93. “UNDERSTOOD MONEY MATTERS”: q. Burchard, xvii.

6. BORGIA’S FAMILY: Guicciardini, 124; Ullmann, 319. VANOZZA REPLACED HER MOTHER: Burchard, xv.

7. PATERNITY OF THE EIGHTH CHILD: Mallett, 181.

8. ALEXANDER’S PROCESSION TO THE LA: teranBurchard, q. Mallett, 120.

9. ELEVEN NEW CARDINALS: Chamberlin, 199.

10. DELLA ROVERE, A “LOUD EXCLAMATION”: Pastor, V, 418.

11. TOTAL OF 43 CARDINALS: Jedin, 88.

12. REFORM THE MOST FREQUENT TOPIC: Chadwick, 20.

13. CHARLES VIII’S PLANS FOR INVASION OF ITALY: Guicciardini, 46–8. INTENTION TO DEPOSE POPE: New Cambridge, 302. CARDINAL DELLA ROVERE’S ROLE: ibid., 348–50.

14. “SO FULL OF VICES”: Guicciardini, 69.

15. “TERRIBLE BEYOND ANYTHING”: ibid., 68.

16. GEORGE MEREDITH: The Egoist.

17. LUDOVICO IL MORO INVITES CHARLES VIN: New Cambridge, 296.

18. “INNUMERABLE CALAMITIES”: Guicciardini, 48.

19. ARMED PARADE OF THE FRENCH IN ROME: Pastor, V, 451–2.

20. “REQUISITIONS ARE FEARFUL”: ibid., 454.

21. SAVONAROLA: Aubenas, 130–36; Schevill, Florence, 433–55.

22. “CAUSED SUCH TERROR”: q. Coughlan, 69. his prophecy: ibid.

23. “POPES AND PRELATES”: Pastor, VI, 14–15.

24. HAILED CHARLES VIII: Schevill, Florence, 444.

25. POPE “NO LONGER A CHRISTIAN”: q. Jedin, 40.

26. 15,000 HEAR ROBERTO DA LECCE: Pastor, V, 177.

27. TWENTY IN FLORENCE ELECT OWN “POPE”: Pastor, V, 115.

28. DEATH OF JUAN, DUKE OF GANDIA: Mallett, 154–5; Chamberlin, 187–90.

29. “THE MOST GRIEVOUS DANGER”: q. Jedin, 126.

30. PROPOSED PROGRAM OF REFORM: Hale, 228; Hughes, 450.

31. LOUIS XII: Guicciardini, 139; Aubenas, 143–4.

32. “Tutto va al contrario”. Marino Sanuto, Diarii, Tom. I, Venezia, 1879, p. 1054, para. 127.

33. PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH ENVOYS: Pastor, VI, 62–4.

34. CESARE’S CAREER: Pastor, VI, 61–8. MURDERS: ibid., 75; Burckhardt, 132. WEARING A MASK: Burchard, xxii.

35. ALFONSO HACKED TO DEATH: Mallett 177–8.

36. BALLET OF THE CHESTNUTS: Burchard, 155. mares and stallions: ibid.

37. 100,000 DUCATS FOR DOWRY: Burchard, 157. EIGHTY NEW OFFICES: Hughes, 413–14.

38. CARDINAL SANGIORGIO: Jedin, 97.

39. GHASTLY TALES: Burchard, 186–7; Jedin, 97; LETTER OF FRANCESCO GONZAGA, 22 dec 1503: q. Routh, 95.

40. “NO LAW, NO DIVINITY”: q. O’Malley, 187, n. 2.

4. Julius II

1. CONCLAVE IN CASTEL SANT’ ANGELO: Pastor, VI, 186.

2. ELECTION OF PICCOLOMINI: ibid., 199–201.

3. PIUS III, “STOREHOUSE OF ALL VIRTUES”: q. ibid, “HIGHEST HOPES”: ibid., 200.

4. “IMMODERATE … PROMISES”: Guicciardini, q. Routh, 99.

5. JULIUS, CHARACTER AND CONDUCT: Pastor, VI, 213;G ilbert, 125–7. LITTLE BELL ON TABLE: Gilbert, 124.

6. IN HELMET AND MAIL: Guicciardini, q. Routh, 100–1. “CERTAINLY A SIGHT VERY UNCOMMON”: ibid.

7. “DETERMINED TO VINDICATE”: Pastor, VI, 329–31. “TO HANG A COUNCIL”: ibid, “TO LEAD AN ARMY TO ROME”: ibid.

8. “THE FRENCH IN ROME …”: q. ibid. “Fuori i barbari!”: Aubenas, 156.

9. MATTHÄUS SCHINNER: Pastor, VI, 325; Oechsli, 33, 54.

10. ERASMUS ON JULIUS: Querela Pads of 1517, q. New Cambridge, I, 82; Aubenas, 243.

11. “A MONK DANCING IN SPURS”: q. Pastor, VI, 360. 96 “OUTSIDE OF ALL REASON”: q. Gilbert, 123.

12. CRITIC QUOTED, “BECAUSE THEY GRIEVED”: q. Young, 276.

13. BUILDING ST. PETER’S: Vasari; Ullmann, 317; Mitchell, 52.

14. Il ruinante. Lees-Milne, 142.

15. JULIUS AND MICHELANGELO: Vasari, chap, on Michelangelo, passim.

16. “PUT A SWORD THERE”: Vasari, 266.

17. REDISCOVERY OF LAOCOON: Pastor, VI, 488; Calvesi, 125; Hibbert, Notes, 325; Coughlan, 103; Lees-Milne, 141; Rodocanachi, Jules II, 58–60.

18. CARDINAL WROTE AN ODE TO IT: Rodocanachi, Jules II, 60, n. 2. FRANCIS I TRIED TO CLAIM IT: Hibbert, 222.

19. JOHN COLET’S SERMON: Olin, 31–9.

20. BOLOGNESE JURIST WARNED: Giovanni Gozzadini, q. Jedin, 40.

21. EGIDIO OF VITERBO’S ORATION: Olin, 44–53; Pastor, VI, 407.

22. PRESERVE HIS ASCETIC PALLOR: Burckhardt, 169.

23.