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24. FRENCH “VANISHED LIKE MIST”: q. Pastor, VI, 416.

25. THANKSGIVING PROCESSION: Aubenas, 165.

26. ERASMUS, Julius Exclusus: q. Hale, 226.

27. “VIRTUE WITHOUT POWER”: q. Pastor, VI, 452.

5. Leo X

1. “LET US ENJOY IT”: Pastor, VIII, 76.

2. LEO’S CHARACTER AND CONDUCT: ibid., 71 ff.; Guicciardini and Vettori, q. Routh, 104–05; Chamberlin, 209–48.

3. LEO’S LATERAN PROCESSION: Gregorovius, VIII, 180–8; Lortz, 92.

4. LEO’S EXPENDITURES: Pastor, VII, 341; VIII, 99–100; Hughes, 434.

5. MARBLE FROM PIETRASANTA: Vasari, 271. “IMPOSSIBLE TO DEAL WITH”: deT olnay, 4.

6. WOULD HAVE MADE RAPHAEL A CARDINAL: Vasari, 231.

7. CHIGI’S BANQUET: Gregorovius, VIII, 244; Pastor, VIII, 117.

8. LEO’S HABITS AND APPEARANCE: Pastor, VII, VIII, passim; Calvesi, 149. PAOLO GIOVIO QUOTED: Chamberlin, 218.

9. MICHELANGELO, “A THOUSAND YEARS FROM NOW”: deTolnay, 68.

10. CARDINAL BIBBIENA: Pastor, VIII, 111–12. “GOD BE PRAISED”: Ranke, I, 54; Mitchell, 14.

11. PROCESSION OF THE WHITE ELEPHANT: Pastor, VII, 75.

12. GREEK “IMMORTALS” INVOKED: Mitchell, 88.

13. “HAVING MADE A TREATY …”: q. Chamberlin, 228.

14. CONCORDAT OF BOLOGNA: Hughes, 448–9.

15. PLANNING TO PALM OFF A COPY: Gregorovius, VIII, 210.

16. LEO’S NEPOTISM: Young, 297, and others.

17. ENVOY SEIZED DESPITE A SAFE-CONDUCT: Chamberlin, 231; WAR ON URBINO: AUBENAS, 182;PASTOR, VIII, 92.

18. PETRUCCI CONSPIRACY: Hughes, 431; Mitchell, 109–14; Schaff, 486.

19. CREATED 31 CARDINALS IN A DAY: Young, 299.

20. BAGLIONI BEHEADED: ibid., 300.

21. LEO’S BULLFIGHT: Pastor, VIII, 173.

22. RISING DISSENT: ibid., VIII, 177; Hughes, 491.

23. CORTESE AND PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA: Pastor, VIII, 407.

24. ERASMUS, “AS TO THESE SUPREME PONTIFFS”: Colloquies, 33, 98–9. “PESTILENCE TO CHRISTENDOM”: q. Huizinga, 141.

25. MACHIAVELLI CASTIGATES CHURCH: Discourses, Bk I, chap. XII.

26. “THIS BARBAROUS DOMINATION”: The Prince, chap. XXVI. “REVERENCE FOR THE PAPACY”: Guicciardini, 149.

27. COLET, CHURCH A MACHINE FOR MAKING MONEY: Hale, 232.

28. INDULGENCES FOR FUTURE SINS: Schaff, 766.

29. TETZEL’S SALES: Dickens, 61. “I HAVE HERE …”: q. Chamberlin, 241–2.

30. LEO MORE CONCERNED BY RAPHAEL’S DEATH: Lees-Milne, 147.

31. “HELL-HOUND IN ROME”: q. Dickens, 23.

32. LEO’S DEATH AND DEBTS: HUGHES, 431, 434; Rodocanachi, Adrian VI, 7; Vettori, from his Storia d’Italia, q. Routh, 104–05. LAMPOON: Mitchell, 122.

33. CARDINALS HISSED: Mitchell, 125.

6. Clement VII

1. CARDINAL SCHINNER MISSED ELECTION BY TWO VOTES: Oechsli, 25.

2. ELECTION OF ADRIAN: Pastor, IX, 25–31, 45; “JUST TO WASTE THE MORNING”: ibid., 329. ATTRIBUTED TO THE HOLY GHOST: Guicciardini, 330. HIS CHARACTER: Mitchell, 126; Burckhardt, 169.

3. “UNDER PAIN OF ETERNAL DAMNATION”: q. Pastor, IX, 91.

4. “THOSE STEEPED IN SIN”: q. ibid., 92.

5. “EVERYONE TREMBLES …”: q. ibid., 94–5.

6. ADRIAN’S MEASURES: Ranke, I, 73–4; Pastor, IX, 52, 70–4 ff. “SACRED THINGS … MISUSED”: q. Lortz, 95. “HOW MUCH … DEPENDS”: Ranke, I, 74; Pastor, IX, 125.

7. CLEMENT’S CHARACTER: Guicciardini, q. Chamberlin, 258; Routh, 104. “GIVES AWAY NOTHING”: Marco Foscari, q. Chamberlin, 260. VETTORI, “FROM A GREAT …”: from his Sommario, q. Gilbert, 252.

8. CHARLES V ON POPE’S DOUBLE DEALING: q. Chamberlin, 265.

9. TWO ENGLISH ENVOYS: q. Lopez, 39.

10. COLONNA UPRISING: Guicciardini, 372.

11. “WE ARE ON THE BRINK OF RUIN”: Giberti, q. Chamberlin, 273.

12. SACK OF ROME: Pastor, IX, 370–429; Partner, Renaissance Rome, 31. “A STONE TO COMPASSION”: Pastor, IX, 399, and n. 4.

13. “HELL HAS NOTHING TO COMPARE”: ibid., 400.

14. COMMENTS OF IMPERIAL ARMY COMMISSARY: Mercurino de Gattinara, q. Routh, 106–09. CAJETAN: q. Hughes, 474, n. 4.

15. CLEMENT’S SIEGE OF FLORENCE: Brion, 167, and others.

16. CLEMENT’S DEATH: Guicciardini, q. Chamberlin, 285. CORPSE HACKED: Brion, 167.

17. “UNABLE TO RECOVER ANYTHING OF MY OWN”: q. Chamberlin, 285.

Chapter Four

THE BRITISH LOSE AMERICA

WORKS CONSULTED

Primary Sources

ALMON, JOHN. Anecdotes of the Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. 3 vols. London,