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22. 278 HEATH, “OVER $300 MILLION”: PP, I, 227.

23. SPELLMAN, “ALAS!”: NYT, 31 Aug 54.

24. DIEM DENIAL OF ELECTIONS: PP, I, 245.

25. “OUTRAGEOUS” METHODS: Buttinger, II, 890.

26. “OVERWHELMING MAJORITY”: Leo Cherne in Look, 25 Jan 56; see also Cooper, 132.

27. KENNEDY ON HO’S “POPULARITY”: in Senate, 6 Apr 54, q. Scheer, 15.

28. EISENHOWER “REFUSED TO AGREE”: Ridgway, Foreign Affairs, 585; see also Eisenhower, Mandate, 372. state dept., “we support”: PP, I, 246.

29. PHAM VAN DONG, “WE SHALL ACHIEVE UNITY”: PP, I, 250.

30. A STUDY BY AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENTISTS: one of a series conducted in Vietnam from 1955 to 1962 by Michigan State University under the direction of Professor Wesley Fishel, q. Scheer, 53.

31. GIAP, “WE EXECUTED”: PP, I, 246.

32. AMERICAN EMBASSY, “SITUATION MAY BE SUMMED UP”: PP, I, 258.

33. MANIFESTO OF THE EIGHTEEN AND ARRESTS: Cooper, 159; text of Manifesto in Raskin and Fall, 116–21. “INCAPABLE OF SAVING THE COUNTRY”: ibid., 483; WASHINGTON’S CONGRATULATIONS: ibid.

34. NLF TEN-POINT PROGRAM: text in Raskin and Fall, 216–21.

4. “Married to Failure”

1. “IT WAS SIMPLY A GIVEN”: James Thomson, NYT Books, 4 Oct 70.

2. KENNEDY, “CORNERSTONE … KEYSTONE”: speech on “America’s Stake in Vietnam” to American Friends of Vietnam, June 1956, q. Lewy, 12.

3. MC NAMARA, “WE HAVE THE POWER TO KNOCK”: reportedly said at a Pentagon briefing, Robert D. Heinl, Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations, Annapolis, 1966, 215.

4. BUNDY, READY TO BE DEAN AT AGE TWELVE: q. Halberstam, 52.

5. THURMOND ON MC CONE: Halberstam, 153.

6. GALBRAITH, “THE DISASTROUS AND THE UNPALATABLE”: Galbraith, 477.

7. “THIS IS THE WORST WE HAVE HAD YET”: Schlesinger, 320; PP, II, 6, 27.

8. LANSDALE PROGRAM: PP, II, 440–1.

9. KENNEDY, “WHITE MAN’S WAR”: Schlesinger, 505, 547.

10. “WELL, MR. SCHOENBRUN”: Schoenbrun to author.

11. LIMITED WAR, “ADVANTAGES OF TERMINATING”: q. Kaplan, 330. KAUFMAN QUOTED: ibid., 199.

12. KENNEDY READ MAO AND CHE GUEVARA: Schlesinger, 341.

13. ROSTOW’S SPEECH AT FORT BRAGG: Raskin and Fall, 108–16.

14. LANSDALE, “A STRONGER APPEAL”: q. Schlesinger, 986.

15. BURKE, “PERSEVERANCE IN ABSURDITY”: speech in Commons of 19 April 1774, Hansard XVIII.

16. PENTAGON DISCUSSIONS ON “SIZE AND COMPOSITION”: Action Memorandum, 11 May 61, PP, II, 642.

17. EISENHOWER BRIEFING: Gelb and Betts, 29.

18. 7TH FLEET TO SOUTH CHINA SEA, AND OTHER MOVEMENTS: Ball, 363.

19. LEMNITZER SUGGESTS NUCLEAR ARMS: Galbraith, 467. KENNEDY SHOCKED: ibid.

20. JOHNSON, “THE WINSTON CHURCHILL”: q. Schlesinger, 541. HIS REPORT: text in PP, II, 55–9; see also Ball, 385.

21. KENNEDY TO RESTON: q. Gelb and Betts, 70. “WE CANNOT AND WILL NOT”: 25 July 61, q. Sorensen, 583 ff. READY TO RISK NUCLEAR WAR: ibid.

22. NITZE, “VALUE TO THE WEST”: Thompson and Frizzell, 6.

23. THEODORE WHITE, “SITUATION GETS WORSE”: q. Schlesinger, 544.

24. MCGARR’S ESTIMATE: Taylor, 220–1.

25. ROSTOW AS DR. PANGLOSS: Macpherson, 258. “BIGGEST COLD WARRIOR”: q. Halberstam, 161.

26. TAYLOR-ROSTOW REPORT: PP, II, 14–15,90–98; Taylor, 227–44.

27. “EXTERNAL AGGRESSION”: q. Cohen, 184.

28. STATE DEPT. ANNEXES: PP, II, 95–7.

29. RUSK, “A LOSING HORSE”: PP, II, 105.

30. “REGIME NOT VIABLE”: in camera testimony to Senate FRC, 28 Feb 61, q. Cohen, iii.

31. MCNAMARA-JCS RESPONSE: PP, II, 108–09. MCNAMARA-RUSK SECOND MEMORANDUM: PP, II, 110–16.

32. KENNEDY TO DIEM: ibid., 805–06.

33. DIEM “SEEMED TO WONDER”: Acting Defense Minister Thuan Nguyen Dinh to Ambassador Nolting, ibid., 121.

34. CASUALTY FIGURES: PP (NYT), 110.

35. REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE: NYT, 14 Feb 62. Kennedy, “WE HAVE NOT SENT COMBAT TROOPS”: PP, II, 808.

36. ME NAMARA, “EVERY QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT”: q. Schlesinger, 549.

37. GALBRAITH’S REPORT: Galbraith, 471–3; PP, II, 122–4. LETTERS OF NOVEMBER, 1961 AND MARCH 1962: Galbraith, 477–9; also PP, II, 670–1. “MARRIED TO FAILURE”: q. Schlesinger, 548.

38. JES, “WELL-KNOWN COMMITMENT”: Lemnitzer for JCS to Sec. of Defense, 13 Apr 62, ibid., 671–2.

39. “WHAT THE NEWSMEN TOOK TO BE LIES”: Mecklin, 100. MANNING MEMORANDUM: