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40. MANSFIELD, ZEAL WOULD BE THE UNDOING: Macpherson, 45. TOLD THE SENATE: 88th Congress, 1st Session, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1963.

41. MANSFIELD-KENNEDY CONVERSATION: O’Donnell.

42. HILSMAN REPORT: PP, II, 690–726.

43. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, “SUPPRESS, GLOSS OVER”: I am indebted to Jeffrey Race for bringing this concept to my attention. The quoted passages are from his article in Armed Forces and Society. See also Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Evanston, 111., 1957.

44. KENNEDY HINTS WITHDRAWAL TO MANSFIELD: O’Donnell.

45. INSTRUCTS MICHAEL FORRESTAL: Forrestal to author. “EASY; PUT A GOVERNMENT”: O‘Donnell. “WOULD MEAN COLLAPSE”: q. Schlesinger, 989. “WE ARE GOING TO STAY”: 17 July 63, PP, II, 824.

46. “NO, I BELIEVE IT”: NBC interview with Chet Huntley, PP, II, 828.

47. RUSK, “STEADY MOVEMENT”: q. Schlesinger, 986.

48. NHUS SUSPECTED OF DEALING WITH ENEMY: Ball, 370.

49. “SOME QUITE FANTASTIC ACTION”: State to Lodge, 29 Aug 63, unsigned, PP, II, 738.

50. CONEIN LIAISON: Ball, 371; for U.S. Involvement in Coup, see PP, II, 256–63, Documents, 734–51. lodge, “THIS REPRESSIVE REGIME”: PP, II, 742, para. 8. WASHINGTON’S INSTRUCTIONS: State to Lodge, 24 Aug 63, PP, II, 734; NSC to Lodge, 5 Oct 63, ibid., 257, 766.

51. LODGE, “WE ARE LAUNCHED”: ibid., 738. “ASSASSINATION” OF NHUS: to State from Lodge, 5 Oct 63, ibid., 767.

52. ROBERT KENNEDY, “COMMUNIST TAKE-OVER”: Sept 63, PP, II, 243. Hilsman, 106.

53. BATTLE OF AP BAC: Manning, ed. Stakes, 50–51. COLONEL VANN: Halberstam, 203–05. DOD AND CINCPAC OPTIMISM: Cooper, 480.

54. RUFUS PHILLIPS REPORT: PP, II, 245. JOHN MECKLIN “IN DESPAIR”: Mecklin, X. KATTENBURG CONFERENCE: PP, II, 241; Cohen, 190. KATTENBURG PREDICTION: Halberstam, 370.

55. DE GAULLE SPEAKS: NYT, 30 Aug 63. “AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES”: ibid., from Washington, “WIDE ANNOYANCE”: ibid.

56. “THEIR” WAR; KENNEDY, “IN THE FINAL ANALYSIS”: interview with Walter Cronkite, Sept 1963, q. Wicker, 186.

57. “YOU TWO DID VISIT”: q. PP, III, 23, from Hilsman.

58. PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT, “BY THE END OF 1965”: text in Raskin and Fall, 128–9.

5. Executive War

1. MADE UP HIS MIND NOT TO “LOSE”: Bill Moyers to author.

2. “I AM NOT GOING TO BE THE FIRST PRESIDENT”: James Reston in NYT, 1 Oct 67. ALTERNATIVE VERSION: Wicker, 205.

3. VIET-CONG BROADCAST SUGGESTING CEASE-FIRE: q. Wicker, 189, from Jean Lacouture, Vietnam: Between Two Truces, 1966, 170. SECOND BROADCAST PICKED UP IN WASHINGTON: Wicker, ibid.

4. GENERAL “BIG” MINH AND SUCCESSORS’ FEELERS OPPOSED BY U.S.: Joseph Kraft, “Washington Insight,” Harper’s, Sept 1965.

5. MCNAMARA, “NEXT TWO OR THREE MONTHS”: PP, II, 193.

6. NYT EDITORIAL: 3 Nov 63.

7. RUSK, “WOULD LEAD TO OUR RUIN”: q. Cohen, 258. “A BILLION CHINESE”: at a press conference, NYT, 13 Oct 67. HANSON BALDWIN: NYT Magazine, 27 Feb 66. SEN. JOSEPH CLARK: at Senate FRC (Fulbright) hearings in 1966.

8. JOHNSON ON “THEIR” WAR: q. Wicker, 231–2.

9. Maddox, “DESTRUCTIVE” ACTION: PP, III, 150–1. NAVAL UNITS: Ball, 379. “DESIST FROM AGGRESSIVE POLICIES”: JCSM em. 19 May 64, PP, III. 511.

10. HONOLULU CONFERENCE: PP, III, 171–7; Ball, 375–9.

11. “ADMISSION THAT THE GAME WAS UP”: q. Gelb, 115.

12. NUCLEAR OPTION: PP, III, 175; Rusk, PP, II, 322; McNamara, PP, III, 238.

13. MCNAMARA, “AT LEAST THIRTY DAYS”: ibid., 176.

14. FULBRIGHT’S MOTIVES FOR TONKIN RESOLUTION: Hoopes, Limits, 25–6. TONKIN DEBATE IN FRC: SEN. NELSON: Wicker, 223; SEN. ERVIN: Austin, 78; SEN. MORSE TIPPED OFF BY PHONE CALL: Austin, 68.

15. MC NAMARA’S DENIAL: ibid.

16. “WELL, THOSE DUMB STUPID SAILORS”: q. Ball, 379.

17. DE GAULLE PROPOSES SETTLEMENT: PP, II, 193; INTERVIEW WITH BALL: Ball, 377–8.

18. U THANT’S PROPOSAL: Kraslow and Loory, 102; Sevareid in Look, 30 Nov 65.

19. “AS THOUGH I WERE ON THE TITANIC”: q. Kraft, Harper’s, Dec 1967, in Raskin and Fall, 315–22.

20. “SHATTER MY PRESIDENCY” AND ALL OTHER REMARKS QUOTED IN THIS PARAGRAPH: Kearns, 253, 257.

21. CIA, “LIKELY THAT NO OTHER NATION”: PP, III, 178.

22. WORKING GROUP’S WARNING: