The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain - Betty Edwards [126]
Symbol System. In drawing, a set of symbols that are consistently used together to form an image, for example, a figure. The symbols are usually used in sequence, one appearing to call forth another, much in the manner of writing familiar words, in which writing one letter leads to writing the next. Symbol systems in drawn forms are usually set in childhood and often persist throughout adulthood unless modified by learning new ways to draw.
Value. In art, the darkness or lightness of tones or colors. White is the lightest, or highest, value; black is the darkest, or lowest, value.
Visual Information Processing. The use of the visual system to gain information from external sources and the interpretation of that sensory data by means of cognition.
Zen. A system of thought that emphasizes a form of meditation called zazen. Zazen begins with concentration, often on puzzles wholly impervious to solution through reason. Concentration leads to samadhi, a “state of oneness” in which the meditator gains insight into the unity of things in the world. The meditator strives to move through further stages to the final stage of Zen, satori, or “no mind,” a brilliantly clear state of mind in which the details of every phenomenon are perceived, yet without evaluation or attachment.
Bibliography
Albers, Josef. The Interaction of Color. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962.
Arguelles, J. The Transformative Vision. Berkeley, Calif.: Shambhala Publications, 1975.
Arnheim, R. Art and Visual Perception. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1954.
Ayrton, M. Golden Sections. London: Methuen, 1957.
Berger, J. Ways of Seeing. New York: Viking Press, 1972.
Bergquist, J. W. The Use of Computers in Educating Both Halves of the Brain. Proceedings: Eighth Annual Seminar for Directors of Academic Computational Services, August 1977. P.O. Box 1036, La Cañada, Calif.
Blakemore, C. Mechanics of the Mind. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1977.
Bliss, J., and J. Morella. The Left-Handers’ Handbook. New York: A&WVisual Library, 1980.
Bogen, J. E. “The Other Side of the Brain.” Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Societies 34 (1969): 73-105.
———. “Some Educational Aspects of Hemispheric Specialization.” UCLA Educator 17 (1975): 24-32.
Bruner, J. S. “The Creative Surprise.” In Contemporary Approaches to Creative Education, edited by H. E. Gruber, G. Terrell, and M. Wertheimer. New York: Atherton Press, 1962.
———. On Knowing: Essays for the Left Hand. New York: Atheneum, 1965.
Buswell, Guy T. How People Look at Pictures. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1935.
Buzan, T. Use Both Sides of Your Brain. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1976.
Carra, C. “The Quadrant of the Spirit.” Valori Plastici 1 (April-May 1919): 2.
Carroll, L., pseud. See Dodgson, C. L.
Collier, G. Form, Space, and Vision. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
Connolly, C. The Unquiet Grave: A Word Cycle by Palinurus. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945.
Corballis, M., and I. Beale. The Psychology of Left and Right. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1976.
Cottrell, Sir Alan. “Emergent Properties of Complex Systems.” In The Encyclopedia of Ignorance, edited by R. Dun-can and M. Weston-Smith. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977.
Critchley, M. Music and the Brain. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1977.
Davis, Stuart. Quoted in “The Cube Root.” In Art News XLI, 1943, 22-23.
Delacroix, Eugene. In Artists on Art, edited by Robert Gold-water and Marco Treves. London: Pantheon Books, 1945.
Descartes, René. Fourth Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry, and Meteorology, 1637.
Dodgson, C. L. [pseud. Carroll, L.] The Complete Works of Lewis Carroll, edited by A. Woollcott. New York: Modern Library, 1936.
Edwards, B. “Anxiety and Drawing.” Master