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60 W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903; New York: Bantam, 1989).

61 For a more detailed exploration of Martin Luther King Jr.’s journey from civil rights to human rights, see Thomas F. Jackson, From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Struggle for Economic Justice (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); and Stewart Burns, To the Mountaintop: Martin Luther King Jr.’s Sacred Mission to Save America (New York: Harper One, 2005).

62 For background on the nature, structure, and history of human rights, see Cynthia Soohoo et al., eds., Bringing Human Rights Home, vol. 1 (New York: Praeger, 2007).

63 Stewart Burns, “America, You Must Be Born Again,” Sojourners 33, no. 1, (Jan. 2004): 14.

64 James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Vintage, 1962, 1993), 5-10.

Index

affirmative action; and black exceptionalism; and colorblindness; and minority police officers/police chiefs; and poor and working-class whites

Alexander v. Sandoval

All of Us or None

American Apartheid (Massey and Denton)

American Bar Association (ABA)

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): class action lawsuit against California Highway Patrol; Drug Law Reform Project; Racial Justice Project

American Correctional Association

The American Dilemma (Myrdal)

The Anatomy of Racial Inequality (Loury)

Angelos, Weldon

Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986/1988)

Arbitrary Justice: The Power of the American Prosecutor (Davis)

Armstrong, Christopher Lee

Armstrong v. United States

Atwater v. City of Lago Vista

The Audacity of Hope (Obama)

Bacon’s Rebellion

Baldus, David, and Baldus study

Baldwin, James

Ball, Johnny Lee

Ban the Box campaigns

Banks, Tyra

Bascuas, Ricardo

Batson v. Kentucky

Beckett, Katherine

Bell, Derrick

Bennett, Lerone, Jr.

bias, racial: implicit/explicit (conscious/ unconscious); and plea bargaining; and prosecutors

Biden, Joe

“birdcage” metaphor and structural racism

black churches

black codes and vagrancy laws

black exceptionalism

Blackmon, Douglas

blaxploitation

Blumenson, Eric

Boggs Act (1951)

Bostick, Terrance

Boyd, Marcus

Braman, Donald

Brennan, Justice William

British Society for the Abolition of Slavery

Brown, James

Brown v. Board of Education

Bryant, Scott

Burton, Susan

Bush, George H.W.

Bush, George W.

Byrd, Robert

Byrne grant program

Cahill, Clyde

California Highway Patrol (CHP)

California v. Acevedo

California’s Proposition

California’s Proposition

Campbell, Richard

Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin)

Carroll, David

Carrollton bus disaster (1988)

Cato Institute

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Chain Reaction (Edsall and Edsall)

Chemerinsky, Erwin

Cheney, Dick

Chicago, Illinois: ex-offenders; police presence in ghetto communities; re-entry programs

child-support debts

chokeholds, lethal

Chunn, Gwendolyn

Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act (2000)

Civil Rights Act (1866)

Civil Rights Act (1964); Title VI

civil rights advocacy, future of; changing the culture of law enforcement; collective denial by civil rights advocates; dismantling the mass incarceration system; and flawed public consensus; grassroots activism by formerly incarcerated men and women; human rights paradigm/ approach; Obama presidency; poor and working-class whites; and problem of colorblind advocacy; reconsidering affirmative action; reform work and movement building; reluctance to advocate on behalf of criminals; and sentencing; and trickle-down theories of racial justice

Civil Rights Movement; backlash against; and black people who defied racial stereotypes; desegregation protests; and economic justice; and end of Jim Crow system; and federal legislation; and human rights approach; initial resistance from some African Americans; and King’s call for complete restructuring of society; Poor People’s Movement

civil rights organizations/community; collective