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denial by; professionalization and conversion of grassroots movement into legal crusade; reluctance to advocate on behalf of criminals. See also civil rights advocacy, future of

Clary, Edward

Clinton, Bill/Clinton administration; federal drug programs; marijuana use; militarization of War on Drugs; public housing and eviction rules; “tough on crime” policies/legislation; and War on Drugs; welfare reform legislation

Cloward, Richard

cognitive bias research

Cohen, Cathy

Cohen, Stanley

Cohen, William

Cole, David

Coley, Rebekah Levine

colorblindness; and affirmative action; and black exceptionalism; and “interracial racial caste system,”; and mass incarceration; problem of flawed pursuit of; Reagan’s racialized campaign rhetoric; resisting temptation to ignore race in advocacy; and U.S. Constitution; and whites’ reluctance to acknowledge race

Colvin, Claudette

Common (rap artist)

Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act (1970)

Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)

consent searches and traffic stops

conservative philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

conspiracy theories and War on Drugs

Constitution, U.S.. See also individual amendments

Corrections Corporation of America

Cosby, Bill

Cotton, Jarvious

crack cocaine; conspiracy theories; and drunk driving campaigns; hundred-to-one ratio; media campaign; and outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; and prosecutors’ extraordinary discretion; and racially discriminatory sentencing; and Reagan’s drug war

crime and “get tough” policies; black support for; and Clinton administration; and mass incarceration system; and white voters

crime rates; crime reduction and incarceration rates; drug crime; and joblessness; violent crime

“criminalblackman,”

Criminology (journal)

Davis, Angela J.

death penalty: Baldus study findings; and drug-related offenses; and legal advocacy; and Obama; racial bias in sentencing

Declaration of Independence

deindustrialization

Democratic Party

denial, collective; “birdcage” metaphor and structural racism; by civil rights advocates; and mass incarceration of black men

Denton, Nancy

Diallo, Amadou

disenfranchisement. See voting rights

dogs, drug-sniffing

Doing Time on the Outside (Braman)

Douglas, Justice William O.

Douglass, Frederick

Drake, Clinton

Dred Scott v. Sanford

driver’s licenses

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA); antidrug spending; cash grants/federal aid to law enforcement; “drug-courier profiles,”; Operation Pipeline

drug forfeiture laws; creation of an “innocent owner,”; and police shakedowns and seizures; and Reform Act (2000)

Drug Reform Act (1986)

drug treatment, mandated

drug use, arrests, and conviction rates: cities and demographic differences; prison admissions for drug offenses; and rates of illegal drug use; and whites; and youths

“drug-courier profiles,”

drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; cognitive bias research; consent searches and traffic stops; crack cases; and drug forfeiture laws; “drug-courier profiles,”; financial incentives to law enforcement; and Fourth Amendment; and ghettos; and jury selection; outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; paramilitary drug raids and police SWAT teams; police training programs; and police/police departments; pretext traffic stops; and prosecutorial discretion; race as factor in police decision making; racial profiling by police; racially discriminatory sentencing; searches and seizures with unreasonable suspicion; sociological research on; Supreme Court and claims of racial bias; traffic stops; and the War on Drugs

drunk driving, campaigns addressing

Du Bois, W.E.B.

Dukakis, Michael

Dyson, Michael Eric

Ebony magazine

Economic Opportunities Bill (1964)

Edsall, Mary

Edsall, Thomas

education and racial caste system

Eighteenth Amendment

Eighth Amendment

Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals

Eleventh Amendment

Emancipation Proclamation