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Shampanier, Nina Mazar, and Dan Ariely, “Zero as a Special Price: The True Value of Free Products,” Marketing Science, Vol. 26, No. 6, November/December 2007, pp. 742- 757. Adrian Johns makes his point on the importance of information to the economy of the twenty-first century in Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009). Comments on gift-giving rituals among marginal cultures draws from Marcel Mauss, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 30. Data on spam volumes and costs drawn from Messagelabs ( .wwwmessagelabs.com/resources/press/45666, accessed 7/18/2010); Chris Kanich, Christian Kreibich, Kirill Levchenko, Brandon Enright, Geoffrey Voelker, Vern Paxson, and Stefan Savage, “Spamalytics: An Empirical Analysis of Spam Marketing Conversion,” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, Vol. 52, No. 9, September 2009, pp. 99-107; Marco Caliendo, Michel Clement, Dominik Papies, and Sabine Scheel-Kopeinig, “The Cost Impact of Spam Filters: Measuring the Effect of Information System Technologies in Organizations,” IZA Working Paper, October 2008. German wages are from Eurostat (epp.eurostat .ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/, accessed 7/18/2010). The Korean reaction to spam is in Robert Kraut, Shyam Sunder, Rahul Telang, and James Morris, “Pricing Electronic Mail to Solve the Problem of Spam,” Yale ICF Working Paper, July 2005.

137-141 Napstering the World: The falling prices of computers are found in Bureau of Economic Analysis, NIPA table 1.5.4, Price Indices for GDP, expanded detail (www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=34&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear= 1980&LastYear=2009&3Place=N&Update= U pdate& Java Box=no#Mid, accessed on 08/16/2010). The explosion of free music downloads is detailed in Amanda Lenhart and Susannah Fox, “Downloading Free Music,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, September 28, 2000. Stewart Brand’s quote is in Jack Fuller, What Is Happening to News: The Information Explosion and the Crisis in Journalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), p. 104. Chris Anderson’s thoughts can be found in Free: The Future of a Radical Price (New York: Hyperion, 2009). Data on the declining sales of music recordings come from the Recording Industry Association of America (awww.riaa. org) and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (www.ifpi.org). The stories about the music industry’s losing battle against free music are drawn from Eric Pfanner, “Court Says File-Sharing Site Violated Copyright,” New York Times, April 18, 2009; John Schwartz, “Tilting at Internet Barrier, a Stalwart Is Upended,” New York Times, August 11, 2009; Joseph Plambeck, “Idea Man of LimeWire at a Crossroads,” New York Times, May 23, 2010; “The State of Online Music: Ten Years After Napster,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, June 15, 2009; Hilmar Schmundt, “Darth Vader and the Vikings: The Rise of Sweden’s Pirate Party,” Der Spiegel Online, June 19, 2009; IFPI Digital Music report 2009 (www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/dmr2009.html, accessed 07/18/2010); Tim Arango, “Despite iTunes Accord, Music Labels Still Fret,” New York Times, February 1, 2009. Data on how free downloads are making inroads in Hollywood are drawn from “The Cost of Movie Piracy,” Motion Picture Association of America, 2005; IFPI Digital Music Report 2009; and Brian Stelter and Brad Stone, “Digital Pirates Winning Battle with Studios,” New York Times, February 4, 2009. The discussion of the top sources of news about Michael Jackson’s death is found in “Protect, Point, Pay: An Associated Press Plan for Reclaiming News Content Online,” Associated Press internal memorandum, unpublished, July 2009. Data on newspapers’ declining advertising revenue come from the Newspaper Association of America (at www.naa.org). Google’s financial data come from the company.

141-144 Profiting from Ideas: The story of Brunelleschi