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10. Peter Matthiessen, Oomingmak: The Expedition to the Musk Ox Island in the Bering Sea (New York: Hastings House, 1967).

11. Theodore Roosevelt, The Wilderness Hunter (New York: Putnam, 1893), p. 271.

12. Theodore Roosevelt, “Is Polar Exploration Worth While?” Outlook (March 1, 1913).

13. Theodore Roosevelt, A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 336–337.

14. Hamlin Garland, The Trail of the Goldseekers: A Record of Travel in Prose and Verse (Norwood, MA: Norwood, 1899), p. 1.

15. Timothy Egan, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt and the Fire That Saved America (New York: Houghton Mifflin-Harcourt, 2009), p. 81.

16. Archie Butt, Taft and Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday Doran, 1930), Vol. 1, pp. 244–257.

17. Roosevelt, quoted in Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (Vintage Books, 2004), p. 357.

18. Theodore Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, June 17, 1910, quoted in The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Cooper Square, 2001), p. 529.

19. Dyan Zaslowsky and T. H. Watkins, These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands (Washington, DC: Island, 1994), pp. 287–288.

20. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 503.

21. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, DC: Island, 2001), p. 231.

22. Theodore Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, March 1, 1910, ibid., p. 231.

23. Edward J. Renehan Jr., The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 105–106.

24. Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life, p. 358.

25. Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).

26. Elizabeth A. Tower, Icebound Empire: Industry and Politics on the Last Frontier, 1898–1938 (Anchorage, AK: Publication Consultants, 1996).

27. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 79.

28. Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt After the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), pp. 82–83.

29. Gifford Pinchot to R. E. Prouty, February 14, 1930, in Martin Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 116.

30. Katherine Hocker, Alaska’s Glaciers: Frozen in Motion (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 2006), p. 11.

31. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 79.

32. Lawrence W. Rakestraw, A History of the United States Forest Service in Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Commission, 1981), chap. 3, “The Chugach National Forest Through 1910.”

33. Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 2010), p. 44.

34. Henry Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939), p. 480.

35. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 81.

36. Richard Ballinger to William Hutchinson Cowles, December 9, 1909, Richard Ballinger Papers (microfilm), University of Washington, Seattle.

37. Charles Richard Van Hise, The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1910), p. 12.

38. Tower, Icebound Empire, p. xi.

39. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 45.

40. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 134.

41. James Wickersham, Old Yukon: Tales, Trails, and Trials (Washington, DC: Law Book, 1938).

42. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy, p. 45.

43. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 133.

44. Stephen Haycox and Alexandra McClanahan, Alaska Scrapbook: Moments in Alaska History: 1816–1998 (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2008), pp. 43–44.

45. Tower, Icebound Empire, p. 153.

46. Miller, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 503.

47. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 130.

48. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 86.

49. Major-General A. W. Greely, Handbook of Alaska: Its Resources, Products, and Attractions (New York: Scribner, 1909), pp. 54–55.

50. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 86.

51. Ibid., p. 98.

52. “Are