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24. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, p. 104.

25. Charles Sheldon, “List of Birds Observed in the Upper Toklat River Near Mount McKinley, Alaska, 1907–1908,” Auk, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January 1909).

26. Ira N. Gabrielson and Frederick L. Lincoln, Birds of Alaska (Harrisburg, PA: Stockpole, 1959), p. 114.

27. Tom Murphy, The Comfort of Autumn: The Seasons of Yellowstone (Livingston, MT: Crystal Creek, 2005), p. 100.

28. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, p. 294.

29. Hudson Stuck, Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog Sled (New York: Scribner, 1914).

30. Bill Sherwonit, Andromeda Romano-Lax, and Ellen Bielawski, Travelers’ Tales Alaska (San Francisco, CA: Traveler’s Tales, 2003), p. 14.

31. Hudson Stuck, The Ascent of Denali (New York: Scribner, 1918), p. xi.

32. C. Hart Merriam, “Introduction,” in Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali: Explorations of a Hunter-Naturalist in Northern Alaska (New York: Scribner, 1930).

33. C. Hart Merriam, “Preliminary Synopsis of the American Bears,” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Vol. 10 (1896), pp. 65–83. For more of Merriam’s work on bears, see C. Hart Merriam, The Mammals of the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York (New York: Henry Holt, 1886).

34. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, p. 48.

35. E. R. Hall, The Mammals of North America, 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1981).

36. Charles Sheldon to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, February 20, 1911, Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, MT.

37. Theodore Roosevelt to Charles Sheldon, January 29, 1917, Sheldon Papers, University of Alaska-Fairbanks.

38. Charles Sheldon, Alaska Diary, March 27–29, 1908, in The Wilderness of Denali (New York: Scribner, 1960).

39. Henry P. “Harry” Karstens, Diary, January 12, 1908, Karstens Papers, University of Alaska-Fairbanks.

40. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 286.

41. Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali, p. 405.

42. Ibid., pp. 15–16.

43. James B. Trefethen, Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Stackpole, 1961), p. 179; John Isle, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), p. 226.

44. Capps, A Wildlife Guide, p. 8.

45. Harry Ritter, Alaska’s History: The People, Land, and Events of the North Country (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 1993), pp. 74–75.

46. Madison Grant, “Establishment of Mount McKinley National Park,” in William G. Sheldon (ed.), “A History of the Boone and Crockett Club” (unpublished).

47. Quoted in Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 33.

48. Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier, 1776–1890 (New York: Atheneum, 1985), p. 20.

49. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, pp. 217–218.

50. Belmore Browne, The Conquest of Mount McKinley (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1956).

51. Charles Sheldon to E. W. Nelson, October 10, 1915, Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, MT.

52. Reports of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919).

53. Frank Norris, Crown Jewel of the North: An Administrative History of Denali National Park and Preserve (Anchorage: Alaska Regional Office–National Park Service), p. 37.

54. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 286.

55. Norris, Crown Jewel of the North, pp. 37–39.

56. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade, 2010), pp. 104–105.

57. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 154.

58. Stewart Edward White, The Forest (New York: Phillips, 1903), p. 5.

59. “Park for Camp Fire Club,” New York Times, July 22, 1917.

60. Author interview with Leonard Vallender, July 5, 2010.

61. Linnie Marsh Wolfe (ed.), John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), p.