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21. Sigurd F. Olson to George L. Collins, December 2, 1970, Sigurd Olson Papers, Box 80, Arctic Range Folder, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

22. Douglas, My Wilderness, pp. 30–31.

23. Author interview with Stewart Udall, March 16, 2009.

24. Margaret Murie, Two in the Far North (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 1962).

25. “Secretary Seaton Establishes New Arctic National Wildlife Range,” Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, December 7, 1960.

26. David Petersen, Elkheart, A Personal Tribute to Wapiti and Their World (Black Earth, WI: Big Earth, 1998), p. 100.

27. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 206.

28. Author interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.

29. Ibid.

30. Douglas Brinkley, “Eisenhower: His Farewell Speech as President Inaugurated the Spirit of the 1960s,” American Heritage, Vol. 52 (September 2001).

31. Author interview with Carl Rowan, March 19, 1997.

32. William Schwarz (ed.), Voices for the Wilderness (New York: Ballantine, 1969), pp. 109–121.

33. Geoffrey L. Haskett, “Background: ANWR,” Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 66 (April 7, 2010). (Notice 17764.)

34. Curt Meine, Correction Lines: Essays on Land, Leopold, and Conservation (Washington, DC: Island, 2009), p. 108.

35. Mardy Murie to Fairfield Osborn, January 7, 1961, Margaret Murie Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

36. Author interview with Cathy Stone, August 18, 2010.

37. William O. Douglas, Muir of the Mountains (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books for Children, 1961), p. 57.

38. Adam W. Sowards, The Environmental Justice: William O. Douglas and American Conservation (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2009), pp. 2–3.

39. William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 31–33.

40. Douglas, Muir of the Mountains, p. 101.

* Roosevelt would probably have been amazed at the report by National Geographic in 2009 that DNA (genetic) testing had confirmed the existence of a grizzly–polar bear hybrid in the Arctic.

* In 1909 President William Howard Taft spoke to the Arctic Brotherhood on a visit to Seattle’s Yukon-Pacific Exposition. He was given the title Post Grand Arctic Chief. Unlike TR, Taft agreed to wear the brotherhood’s ridiculous Arctic robe with its polar bear collar. The current Arctic Brotherhood Web site mocks Taft (perhaps inadvertently) for wearing “the gayest-looking costume any president has dared to wear.” In 1907 the federal organization Pioneers of Alaska had been formed to preserve historical relics. Igloo No. 1 was founded in Nome.

* The fierce debate over who first reached the north pole persists in academic circles. Cook claimed to have reached it on April 21, 1908—a year before Peary. Critics of Cook claim he had once faked climbing to the top of Mount McKinley and wasn’t to be trusted.

* Nevertheless, Hornaday stayed a member of the Boone and Crockett Club.

* When he was in northern California, Roosevelt liked to stay at the ranch of the former secretary of state William Seward, near Lassen Volcanic National Park, in order to study the volcanoes.

* Although elk aren’t native to Alaska, they have been reintroduced to Afognak Island, Etolin Island, and Raspberry Island. Elk had lived there during the Pleistocene but became extinct before Euroamericans arrived.

* Pinchot had ghostwritten some of the chapter on conservation in Roosevelt’s An Autobiography, published with great fanfare in 1913. He self-servingly focused the book on the more than 150 national forests he and Roosevelt had founded together from 1901 to 1909. Pinchot viewed Hornaday as a bomb-thrower, constitutionally incapable of moderation or calm bureaucratic infighting.

* In 1921, Leopold wrote an important article for the Journal of Forestry: “The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy.” He argued that every state needed to have at least one large wilderness area with no commercialism and no