The Rational Optimist_ How Prosperity Evolves - Matt Ridley [189]
p. 200 ‘By the 1800s, Denmark had become a country that was trapped by its own self-sufficiency.’ Pomeranz, K. 2000. The Great Divergence. Princeton University Press.
p. 200 ‘On average a merchant in Britain who left £1,000 in his will had four surviving children, while a labourer who left £10 had only two’. Clark, G. 2007. A Farewell to Alms. Princeton University Press.
p. 203 ‘Johnson supposedly replied’. Epstein, H. 2008. The strange history of birth control. New York Review of Books, 18 August 2008.
p. 203 ‘Garrett Hardin, in his famous essay’. Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–8.
p. 203 ‘Hardin’s view was nearly universal’. An exception was Barry Commoner, who argued at the UN conference on population in Stockholm in 1972 that the demographic transition would solve population growth without coercion.
p. 203 ‘wrote John Holdren (now President Obama’s science adviser) and Paul and Anne Ehrlich in 1977’. Ehrlich, P., Ehrlich, A. and Holdren, J.F. 1977. Eco-science. W.H. Freeman.
p. 203 ‘Sanjay Gandhi, the son of the Indian prime minister, ran a vast campaign of rewards and coercion’. Connelly, M. 2008. Fatal Misconception: the Struggle to Control World Population. Harvard University Press.
p. 204 ‘Bangladesh had a birth rate of 6.8 children per woman’. The standard way of measuring the birth rate is the ‘total fertility rate’, which presumes to average the completed family size of each age cohort of the population. This is imperfect and confuses deferred reproduction with falling family size. But it is the best that is available and I have used it in this chapter for lack of a better measure.
p. 205 ‘As the environmentalist Stewart Brand puts it’. Brand, S. 2005. Environmental heresies. Technology Review, May 2005.
p. 206 ‘the entire world is experiencing the second half of a “demographic transition”’. Caldwell, J. 2006. Demographic Transition Theory. Springer.
p. 207 ‘a condescending blast by Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren’. Maddox’s book was called The Doomsday Syndrome (1973, McGraw Hill) and Holdren’s and Ehrlich’s review is quoted by John Tierney at http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/15/the-skeptical-prophet/.
p. 207 ‘demographic transition theory is a splendidly confused field.’ Or to put it in academic-ese, ‘the debate continues with a plethora of contending theoretical frameworks, none of which has gained wide adherence.’ Hirschman, quoted in Bongaarts, J. and Watkins, S.C. 1996. Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions. Population and Development Review 22:639–82.
p. 208 ‘Jeffrey Sachs recounts’. Sachs, J. 2008. Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet. Allen Lane.
p. 209 ‘Probably by far the best policy for reducing population is to encourage female education.’ Connelly, M. 2008. Fatal Misconception: the Struggle to Control World Population. Harvard University Press.
p. 210 ‘A bold programme, driven by philanthropy or even government aid’. Sachs, J. 2008. Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet. Allen Lane.
p. 211 ‘Seth Norton found’. Norton, S. 2002. Population Growth, Economic Freedom and the Rule of Law. PERC Policy Series no. 24.
p. 211 ‘The Anabaptist sects in North America, the Hutterites and Amish, have largely resisted the demographic transition’. Richerson, P. and Boyd, R. 2005. Not by Genes Alone. Chicago University Press.
p. 211 ‘As Ron Bailey puts it’. Bailey, R. 2009. The invisible hand of population control. Reason, 16 June 2009. http://www.reason.com/news/show/134136.html.
p. 212 ‘Hans-Peter Kohler of the University of Pennsylvania’. Myrskylä, M., Kohler, H.-P. and Billari, F.C. 2009. Advances in development reverse fertility declines. Nature, 6 August 2009 (doi:10.1038/nature 08230).
Chapter 7
p. 213 ‘With coal almost any feat is possible or easy; without it we are thrown back in the laborious poverty of earlier times’. Jevons, W.S. 1865. The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning