The Rational Optimist_ How Prosperity Evolves - Matt Ridley [213]
in-vitro fertilisation 306
income, per capita: and economic freedom 117; equality 18–19, 218–19; increases in 14, 15, 16–17, 218–19, 285, 331–2
India: agriculture 126, 129, 141, 142–3, 147, 151–2, 156, 301; British rule 160; caste system 173; economic growth 187, 358; energy use 245; income equality 19; infant mortality 16; innovations 172–3, 251; Mauryan empire 172–3, 201, 357; mobile phone use 327; population growth 202, 203–4; prehistoric 66, 126, 129; trade 174–5, 175, 179, 186–7, 225, 228, 232; urbanisation 189
Indian Ocean 174, 175
Indonesia 66, 87, 89, 177
Indus river 167
Indus valley civilisation 161–2, 164
industrialisation: and capital investment 258–9; and end of slavery 197, 214; and food production 139, 201–2; and fossil fuels 214, 216–17, 229–33, 352; and innovation 38, 220–24, 227–8; and living standards 217–20, 226–7, 258; pessimistic views of 42, 102–3, 217–18, 284–5; and productivity 227–8, 230–31, 232, 235–6, 244–5; and science 255–8; and trade 224–6; and urbanisation 188, 226–7
infant mortality 14, 15, 16, 208–9, 284
inflation 24, 30, 169, 289
influenza see flu, pandemic
Ingleheart, Ronald 27
innovation: and capital investment 258–62, 269; and exchange 71–2, 76, 119, 167–8, 251, 269–74; and government spending programmes 267–9; increasing returns of 248–55, 274–7, 346, 354, 358–9; and industrialisation 38, 220–24, 227–8; and intellectual property 262–7, 269; limitlessness 374–7; and population growth 252; and productivity 227–8; and science 255–8, 412; and specialisation 56, 71–2, 73–4, 76–7, 119, 251; and trade 168, 171
insect-resistant crops 154–5
insecticides 151–2
insects 75–6, 87–8
insulin 156, 274
Intel (corporation) 263, 268
intellectual property 262–7; see also copyright; patents intensive farming 143–9
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 330, 331, 332, 333–4, 338, 342, 347, 425, 426, 427, 428
internal combustion engine 140, 146, 244
International Planned Parenthood Foundation 203
internet: access to 253, 268; blogging 257; and charitable giving 318–19, 356; cyber-crime 99–100, 357; development of 263, 268, 270, 356; email 292; free exchange 105, 272–3, 356; packet switching 263; problem-solving applications 261–2; search engines 245, 256, 267; shopping 37, 99, 107, 261; social networking websites 262, 268, 356; speed of 252, 253; trust among users 99–100, 356; World Wide Web 273, 356
Inuits 44, 61, 64, 126
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 330, 331, 332, 333–4, 338, 342, 347, 349, 425, 426, 427, 428
IQ levels 19
Iran 162
Iraq 31, 158, 161
Ireland 24, 129, 199, 227
iron 166, 167, 169, 181, 184, 223, 229, 230, 302, 407
irradiated food 150–51
irrigation 136, 147–8, 159, 161, 163, 198, 242, 281
Isaac, Glyn 64
Isaiah 102, 168
Islam 176, 357, 358
Israel 53, 69, 124, 148
Israelites 168
Italy: birth rate 208; city states 178–9, 181, 196; fascism 289; Greek settlements 170–71, 173–4; infant mortality 15; innovations 196, 251; mercantilism 89, 103, 178–9, 180, 196; prehistoric 69
ivory 70, 71, 73, 167
Jacob, François 7
Jacobs, Jane 128
Jamaica 149
James II, King 223
Japan: agriculture 197–8; birth rates 212; dictatorship 109; economic development 103, 322, 332; economic and technological regression 193, 197–9, 202; education 16; happiness 27; industrialisation 219; life expectancy 17, 31; trade 31, 183, 184, 187, 197
Jarawa tribe 67
Java 187
jealousy 2, 351
Jebel Sahaba cemeteries, Egypt 44, 45
Jefferson, Thomas 247, 249, 269
Jenner, Edward 221
Jensen, Robert 327
Jericho 127, 138
Jevons, Stanley 213, 237, 245
Jews 89, 108, 177–8, 184
Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan 25–6
Jobs, Steve 221, 264, 405
John, King of England 118
Johnson, Lyndon 202–3
Jones, Rhys 79
Jordan 148, 167
Jordan river 127
Joyce, James 289
justice 19–20, 116, 320, 358
Kalahari desert 44, 61, 76
Kalkadoon aborigines 91
Kanesh, Anatolia 165
Kangaroo Island 81
kangaroos 62, 63, 69–70, 84, 127
Kant, Immanuel 96
Kaplan, Robert 293
Kay, John 184, 227
Kazakhstan 206
Kealey, Terence 172, 255, 411
Kelly, Kevin 356
Kelvin, William