The Red Queen_ Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature - Matt Ridley [173]
11 Wynne-Edwards 1962.
12 Darwin 1859.
13 Humphrey 1983.
14 Williams 1966.
15 Fisher 1930; Wright 1931; Haldane 1932.
16 Huxley 1942.
17 Hamilton 1964; Trivers 1971.
18 Ghiselin 1974, 1988.
19 Maynard Smith 1971.
20 Stebbins 1950; Maynard Smith 1978.
21 Jaenike 1978.
22 Gould and Lewontin 1979.
23 Williams 1975; Maynard Smith 1978.
24 Maynard Smith 1971.
25 Ghiselin 1988.
26 Bernstein, Hopf and Michod 1988.
27 Bernstein 1983; Bernstein, Byerly, Hopf and Michod 1985.
28 Maynard Smith 1988.
29 Tiersch, Beck and Douglas 1991.
30 Bull and Charnov 1985; Bierzychudek 1987b; Kondrashov and Crow 1991; Perrot, Richerd and Valero 1991.
31 Bernstein, Hopf and Michod 1988.
32 Kondrashov 1988.
33 Flegg, Spencer and Wood 1985.
34 Stearns 1987; Michod and Levin 1988.
35 Kirkpatrick and Jenkins 1989; Wiener, Feldman and Otto 1992.
36 Müller 1964.
37 Bell 1988.
38 Müller’s ratchet has recently been found at work in viruses; see Chao 1992; Chao, Tran and Matthews 1992.
39 Crow 1988.
40 Kondrashov 1982.
41 M. Meselson, interview.
42 Kondrashov 1988.
43 Hamilton 1990a.
44 C. Lively, interview.
CHAPTER THREE: The Power of Parasites
1 Hurst, Hamilton and Ladle 1992.
2 M. Meselson, interview.
3 Maynard Smith 1986.
4 Williams 1966; Williams 1975.
5 Maynard Smith 1971.
6 Williams and Mitton 1973.
7 Williams 1975.
8 Bell 1982.
9 Bell 1982.
10 Ghiselin 1974.
11 Darwin 1859.
12 Bell 1982.
13 Schmitt and Antonovics 1986; Ladle 1992.
14 Williams 1966.
15 Bierzychudek 1987a.
16 Harvey 1978.
17 Burt and Bell 1987.
18 Eldredge and Gould 1972.
19 Williams 1975.
20 Carroll 1871.
21 Van Valen 1973; L. Van Valen, interview.
22 Zinsser 1934; McNeill 1976.
23 Washington Post, 16 December 1991.
24 Krause 1992.
25 Dawkins 1990.
26 Assuming 30 minutes per bacterial generation, there are 1,226,400 bacterial generations in a human lifetime of 70 years. In the 7 million years since we shared an ancestor with chimpanzees, there have been just over 200,000 ‘human’ generations of 30 years each.
27 O’Connell 1989.
28 Dawkins and Krebs 1979.
29 Schall 1990; May and Anderson 1990.
30 Levy 1992.
31 Ray 1992.
32 Ray 1992; T. Ray, interview.
33 L. Hurst, interview.
34 Burt and Bell 1987.
35 Bell and Burt 1990.
36 Kelley 1985; Schmitt and Antonovics 1986; Bierzychudek 1987a.
37 Haldane 1949; Hamilton 1990.
38 Hamilton, Axelrod and Tanese 1990; W. Hamilton, interview.
39 Haldane 1949; Clarke 1979.
40 Clay 1991.
41 Bremermann 1987.
42 Nowak 1992; Nowak and May 1992.
43 Hill, Allsopp, Kwiatkowski, Anstey, Twumasi, Rowe, Bennett, Brewster, McMichael and Greenwood 1991.
44 Potts, Manning and Wakeland 1991.
45 Haldane 1949.
46 Jayakar 1970; Hamilton 1980.
47 Jaenike 1978; Bell 1982; Bremermann 1980; Tooby 1982; Hamilton 1980.
48 Hamilton 1964; Hamilton 1967; Hamilton 1971.
49 Hamilton, Axelrod and Tanese 1990.
50 Hamilton, Axelrod and Tanese 1990.
51 W. Hamilton, interviews.
52 W. Hamilton, interview; A. Pomiankowski, interview.
53 Glesner and Tilman 1978; Bierzychudek 1987b.
54 Daly and Wilson 1983.
55 Edmunds and Alstad 1978, 1981; Seger and Hamilton 1988.
56 Harvey 1978.
57 Gould 1978.
58 C. Lively, interview.
59 Lively 1987.
60 C. Lively, interview.
61 Lively, Craddock and Vrijenhoek 1990.
62 Tooby 1982.
63 Bell 1987.
64 Hamilton 1990a.
65 Hamilton 1990a.
66 Bell and Maynard Smith 1987.
67 W. Hamilton, interview.
68 M. Meselson, interview.
69 R. Ladle, interview.
70 G. Bell, interview; A. Burt, interview; Felsenstein 1988; W. Hamilton, interview; J. Maynard Smith, interview; G. Williams, interview.
71 Metzenberg 1990.
CHAPTER FOUR: Genetic Mutiny and Gender
1 Hardin 1968
2 I make no apology for using the word gender when I mean sex (male or female); I know it is a word that originally referred only to grammatical categories, but meanings change and it is usefully unambiguous to have a word other than sex for males and females.
3 Cosmides and Tooby 1981.
4 Leigh 1990.
5 See Dawkins 1976, 1982, for the clearest exposition of this case.
6 Hickey 1982; Hickey and Rose