The Red Queen_ Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature - Matt Ridley [174]
7 Doolittle and Sapienza 1980; Orgel and Crick 1980.
8 Nee and Maynard Smith 1990.
9 Mereschkovsky 1905; Margulis 1981; Margulis and Sagan 1986.
10 Beeman, Friesen and Denell 1992.
11 Hewitt 1972; Hewitt 1976; Hewitt and East 1978; Shaw, Hewitt and Anderson 1985; Bell and Burt 1990; Jones 1991.
12 D. Haig, interview.
13 Haig and Grafen 1991.
14 Charlesworth and Hartl 1978.
15 For a comprehensive review of meiotic drive see: American Naturalist, Volume 137, pp. 281–456, ‘The Genetics and Evolutionary Biology of Meiotic Drive’: a symposium organized by T. W. Lyttle, L. M. Sandler, T. Prout and D. D. Perkins, 1991.
16 Haig and Grafen 1991.
17 D. Haig, interview; see also S. Spandrel (unpublished).
18 Hamilton 1967; Dawkins 1982; Bull 1983; Hurst 1992a; L. Hurst, interview.
19 Leigh 1977.
20 Cosmides and Tooby 1981.
21 Margulis 1981.
22 Cosmides and Tooby 1981; Hurst and Hamilton 1992.
23 Anderson 1992; Hurst 1991b; Hurst 1992b.
24 Werren, Skinner and Huger 1986; Werren 1987; Hurst 1990; Hurst 1991c.
25 Mitchison 1990.
26 L. Hurst, interview; see also Parker, Baker and Smith 1972 and Hoekstra 1987 for additional, but not rival, features of the evolution of anisogamy and two genders.
27 Frank 1989.
28 Gouyon and Couvet 1987; Frank 1989; Frank 1991; Hurst and Pomiankowski 1991.
29 Hurst 1991a.
30 Hurst and Hamilton 1992.
31 Hurst, Godfray and Harvey 1990.
32 Hurst, Godfray and Harvey 1990.
33 Olsen and Marsden 1954; Olsen 1956; Olsen and Buss 1967.
34 Lienhart and Vermelin 1946.
35 Hamilton 1967.
36 Cosmides and Tooby 1981.
37 Bull and Bulmer 1981; Frank 1990.
38 Bull and Bulmer 1981; J. J. Bull, interview.
39 Frank and Swingland 1988; Charnov 1982; Bull 1983; J. J. Bull, interview.
40 Warner, Robertson and Leigh 1975.
41 Bull 1983; Bull 1987; Conover and Kynard 1981.
42 Dunn, Adams and Smith 1990; Adams, Greenwood and Naylor 1987.
43 Head, May and Pendleton 1987.
44 J. J. Bull, interview.
45 Bull 1983; Werren 1991; Hunter, Nur and Werren 1993.
46 Trivers and Willard 1973.
47 Trivers and Willard 1973.
48 The sex ratio of presidential children was first noticed by Laura Betzig and Samantha Weber of the University of Michigan.
49 Trivers and Willard 1973.
50 Austad and Sunquist 1986.
51 Clutton-Brock and Iason 1986; Clutton-Brock 1991; Huck, Labov and Lisk 1986.
52 T. H. Clutton-Brock, interview.
53 Clutton-Brock, Albon and Guinness 1984.
54 Symington 1987.
55 For baboons, see Altmann 1980; for macaques, see Silk 1983, Simpson and Simpson 1982, and Small and Hrdy 1986; for a general summary, see van Schaik and Hrdy 1991; for howler monkeys, I rely on K. Glander, interview; for a sceptical view of this data, T. Hasegawa, correspondence.
56 Hrdy 1987.
57 van Schaik and Hrdy 1991.
58 Goodall 1986.
59 Grant 1990; Betzig and Weber 1992.
60 Grant 1990; V. J. Grant, correspondence.
61 Bromwich 1989.
62 K. McWhirter, ‘The gender vendors’, Independent, London, 27 October 1991, pp. 54–5.
63 B. Gledhill, interview.
64 For zebra finches, see Burley 1981; for red-cockaded woodpeckers, see Gowaty and Lennartz 1985; for bald eagles, see Bortolotti 1986; for hawks, see Olsen and Cockburn 1991.
65 N. D. Kristof, ‘Asia, vanishing point for as many as 100 million women’, International Herald Tribune, 6 November 1991, p. 1.
66 Rao 1986; Hrdy 1990.
67 M. Nordborg, interview.
68 Bromwich 1989.
69 James 1986; James 1989; W. H. James, interview.
70 Unterberger and Kirsch 1932.
71 Dawkins 1982.
72 A. C. Hurlbert, personal communication.
73 Fisher 1930; R. L. Trivers, interview.
74 Betzig 1992a.
75 Dickemann 1979; Boone 1988; Voland 1988; Judge and Hrdy 1988.
76 Hrdy 1987; Cronk 1989; Hrdy 1990.
77 Dickemann 1979.
78 Dickemann 1979; Kitcher 1985; Alexander 1988; Hrdy 1990.
79 S. B. Hrdy, interview.
80 Dickemann 1979.
CHAPTER FIVE: The Peacock’s Tale
1 Troy and Elgar 1991.
2 Trivers 1972; see also Dawkins 1976.
3 Atmar 1991.
4 Darwin 1871.
5 Diamond 1991b.
6 Cronin 1992.
7 Marden 1992.
8 Baker 1985; Gotmark 1992.
9 Ridley, Rands and Lelliott 1984.
10 Halliday 1983.