The Red Queen_ Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature - Matt Ridley [175]
11 Cronin 1992.
12 Höglund and Robertson 1990.
13 Møller 1988.
14 Höglund, Eriksson and Lindell 1990.
15 Andersson 1982.
16 Cherry 1990.
17 Houde and Endler 1990.
18 Evans and Thomas 1992.
19 Fisher 1930.
20 Jones and Hunter 1993.
21 Ridley and Hill 1987.
22 Taylor and Williams 1982.
23 Boyce 1990.
24 Cronin 1992.
25 The best volumes on the two factions of sexual selection are Bradbury and Andersson 1987, and Cronin 1992.
26 O’Donald 1980; Lande 1981; Kirkpatrick 1982; see Arnold 1983.
27 Weatherhead and Robertson 1979.
28 Pomiankowski, Iwasa and Nee 1991.
29 Pomiankowski 1990.
30 Dugatkin 1992; Gibson and Höglund 1992. Copying has also been proven in fallow deer: Balmford 1991.
31 Pomiankowski 1990; see also Traill 1990 for why capuchinbirds and other monomorphic lekking species experience female–female competition.
32 Partridge 1980.
33 Balmford 1991.
34 Alatalo, Höglund and Lundberg 1991.
35 Hill 1990.
36 Diamond 1991a.
37 Zahavi 1975.
38 Dawkins 1976; Cronin 1992.
39 Andersson 1986; Pomiankowski 1987; Grafen 1990; Iwasa, Pomiankowski and Nee 1991.
40 Møller 1991.
41 Hamilton and Zuk 1982.
42 Ward 1988; Pruett-Jones, Pruett-Jones and Jones 1990; Zuk 1991; Zuk 1992.
43 Low 1990.
44 Cronin 1992.
45 Møller 1990.
46 Hillgarth 1990; N. Hillgarth and M. Zuk, interview.
47 Kirkpatrick and Ryan 1991.
48 Boyce 1990; Spurrier, Boyce and Manly 1991.
49 Thornhill and Sauer 1992.
50 Møller 1992.
51 Møller and Pomiankowski (in press); see also Balmford, Thomas and Jones 1993; A. Pomiankowski, interview.
52 Maynard Smith 1991.
53 Zuk 1992.
54 Zuk (in press).
55 Zuk, Thornhill, Ligon and Johnson 1990; Ligon, Thornhill, Zuk and Johnson 1990.
56 Flinn 1992.
57 Daly and Wilson 1983.
58 Folstad and Karter 1992; Zuk 1992.
59 Zuk (in press).
60 Wederkind 1992.
61 Hamilton 1990b.
62 Kodric-Brown and Brown 1984.
63 Dawkins and Krebs 1978.
64 Dawkins and Guilford 1991.
65 Low, Alexander and Noonan 1987.
66 T. Guilford, interview; B. Low, interview.
67 Ryan 1991; M. Ryan, interview.
68 Basolo 1990.
69 Green 1987.
70 Eberhard 1985.
71 Kramer 1990.
72 Enquist and Arak 1993.
73 Gilliard 1963.
74 Houde and Endler 1990; J. Endler, interview.
75 Kirkpatrick 1989.
76 Searcy 1992.
77 Burley 1981.
78 The hypnosis idea is my own: see Ridley 1981. But it receives some indirect support from later experiments on peacocks and other pheasants: see Rands, Ridley and Lelliott 1984; Davison 1983; Ridley, Rands and Lelliott 1984; Petrie, Halliday and Sanders 1991.
79 Gould and Gould 1989.
80 Pomiankowski and Guilford 1990.
81 A. Pomiankowski, interview.
CHAPTER SIX: Polygamy and the Nature of Men
1 Betzig 1986.
2 Brown 1991; Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby 1992.
3 Crook and Crook 1988.
4 Betzig and Weber 1992.
5 Trivers 1972.
6 Bateman 1948.
7 Alexander 1974, 1979; Irons 1979.
8 Clutton-Brock and Vincent 1991; Gwynne 1991.
9 For a clear summary of the argument that paternal care leads to the female initiative in courtship, and the evidence for it, see my namesake’s paper: Ridley (Mark) 1978.
10 Symons 1979; D. Symons, interview.
11 Symons 1979.
12 Symons 1979.
13 Tripp 1975; Symons 1979.
14 Maynard Smith and Price 1973.
15 Trivers 1971; Maynard Smith 1977; Emlen and Oring 1977.
16 Pleszczynska and Hansell 1980; Garson, Pleszczynska and Holm 1981. Incidentally, polygamy can mean having many mates of either sex; polygyny means specifically males having many female mates. Although polygyny is more precise, I have stuck with the more familiar words throughout this book: polygamy for males, polyandry for females.
17 L. Betzig, interview.
18 Borgehoff Mulder, 1988, 1992; M. Borgehoff Mulder, interview.
19 ‘Polygamists emerge from secrecy seeking not just peace but respect’ by Dirk Johnson, New York Times, 9 April 1991, p. A22.
20 Green 1993.
21 Symons 1979 put it thus: ‘Heterosexual relations are structured to a substantial degree by the nature and interests of the human female.’
22 Crook and Gartlan 1966; Jarman 1974; Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977.
23 Avery and Ridley 1988; de