The Red Queen_ Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature - Matt Ridley [176]
24 Smith 1984.
25 Foley and Lee 1989.
26 Foley 1987; Foley and Lee 1989; Leakey and Lewin 1992; Kingdon 1993.
27 Symons 1987; K. Hill, interview.
28 Alexander 1988; R. D. Alexander, interview.
29 Kaplan and Hill 1985b; Hewlett 1988.
30 Kaplan and Hill 1985a; Hill and Kaplan 1988; Hawkes 1992; Cosmides and Tooby 1992; K. Hawkes, interview.
31 Cashdan 1980; Cosmides and Tooby 1992.
32 N. Chagnon, interview; Cronk 1991.
33 Rosenberg and Birdzell 1986.
34 Goodall 1990.
35 Daly and Wilson 1983.
36 ‘Dolphin courtship: brutal, cunning and complex’ by N. Angier, New York Times, 18 February 1992, p. C1.
37 Dickemann 1979.
38 Hartung 1982.
39 L. Betzig, interview.
40 Betzig 1986.
41 Betzig 1986.
42 Finley, quoted in Betzig 1992b; the Gibbon quote is from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume I, Chapter 7.
43 Betzig 1992c.
44 Betzig 1992a.
45 This is presumably the reason that the early church became so obsessed with matters of sex, for it recognized sexual competition to be one of the principal causes of murder and mayhem. The gradual synonymy of sex and sin in Christendom is surely based more on the fact that sex often leads to trouble rather than that there is anything inherently sinful about sex. See Scruton 1986.
46 Brown and Hotra 1988.
47 D. E. Brown, interview.
48 Goodall 1986. However, old females are killed by the victors.
49 N. Chagnon, interview.
50 Chagnon 1968; Chagnon 1988.
51 I am indebted to Archie Fraser for pointing out this parallel.
52 Chagnon 1968.
53 Smith 1984.
54 D. E. Brown, interview.
CHAPTER SEVEN: Monogamy and the Nature of Women
1 Møller 1987; Birkhead and Møller 1992.
2 Murdock and White 1969; Fisher 1992 makes the interesting case that sexism, despotism, polygamy and male ‘ownership’ of wives were all invented along with the plough – which removed from women all their share in food winning; as women have come back into the workforce in recent decades, so their say and status has improved.
3 Hrdy 1981; Hrdy 1986.
4 Bertram 1975; Hrdy 1979; Hausfater and Hrdy 1984. A remarkable experiment by Emlen, Demong and Emlen 1989 greatly strengthened the contention that infanticide was an adaptive strategy. By removing territorial females, Emlen induced female jacanas – a role-reversed species – to kill the eggs of males with nests in their newly acquired territories.
5 Dunbar 1988.
6 Wrangham 1987; R. W. Wrangham, interview.
7 Goodall 1986, 1990; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988; Yamamura, Hasegawa and Ito 1990.
8 Daly and Wilson 1988.
9 Martin and May 1981.
10 Hasegawa and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1990; Diamond 1991b.
11 White 1992; Small 1992.
12 Short 1979.
13 Eberhard 1985; Hyde and Elgar 1992; Bellis, Baker and Gage 1990; Baker and Bellis 1992.
14 Harcourt, Harvey, Larson and Short 1981; Hyde and Elgar 1992.
15 Connor, Smolker and Richards 1992.
16 Smith 1984: this explanation, that cool testicles are designed to increase the shelf-life of stored sperm, fits the facts far better than the old notion that sperm must be manufactured in a cool organ or they will be deformed.
17 Harvey and May 1989.
18 Payne and Payne 1989.
19 Birkhead and Møller 1992.
20 Hamilton 1990b.
21 Westneat, Sherman and Morton 1990; Birkhead and Møller 1992.
22 Potts, Manning and Wakeland 1991.
23 Burley 1981.
24 Møller 1987.
25 Baker and Bellis 1989; Bakerand Bellis 1992.
26 Birkhead and Møller 1992.
27 Hill and Kaplan 1988; K. Hill, interview.
28 K. Hill, interview.
29 Wilson and Daly 1992; R. W. Wrangham, interview.
30 Cherfas and Gribbin 1984; Flinn 1988.
31 Morris 1967.
32 Birkhead and Møller 1992.
33 Alexander and Noonan 1979.
34 The first authors to see it this way were Cherfas and Gribbin 1984.
35 Hrdy 1979; Symons 1979; Benshoof and Thornhill 1979; Diamond 1991b; Fisher 1992; Sillen-Tullberg and Møller 1993.
36 Körpimaki 1991.
37 Alatalo, Lundberg and Stahlbrandt 1982. Recent research suggests that the wife, at least, knows what is happening: see Veiga 1992, Slagsvøld, Amundsen, Dale and Lampe 1992.
38 Veiga 1992.
39 Møller and Birkhead 1989.
40 Darwin