The Theory of Moral Sentiments - Adam Smith [247]
Butler, Joseph (1692-1752), English philosopher and Bishop of Durham; chiefly known today for the collection of his sermons preached at Rolls Chapel (Fifteen Sermons, 1726) which examined the psychology of self-love and benevolence and criticized psychological egoism, and for his study of natural religion and personal identity (Analogy of Religion , 1736).
Butler, Samuel (1613-1680), English poet, chiefly known for his satirical Hudibras, published in three parts between 1662 and 1678.
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar; 100-44 BC), Roman commander, consul, and dictator; established supremacy in Rome through defeat of Pompey at Pharsalus, which ended the civil wars in 48 BC; assassinated four years later by conspirators jealous of his power and suspicious of his ambitions.
Calas, Jean (1698-1762), merchant of Toulouse, executed for the crime of murdering his son for converting to Catholicism; his trial proceeded without evidence (the son in fact committed suicide) leading Voltaire to become a vocal advocate of Calas’s innocence.
Callisthenes (ca. 360-327 BC), Macedonian author of a celebratory account of Alexander’s exploits; executed for his opposition to Alexander’s importation into Macedonia of the Persian custom of proskynesis, the prostration of inferior before superior.
Camillus (Marcus Furius Camillus; 4th c. BC), Roman tribune and dictator celebrated for his role in preserving Rome from the invasion of the Gauls.
Catherine de Medici (1519-1589), queen of France as wife of Henry II, but exercised chief political influence as advisor to her three sons, who ruled after her husband’s death in 1559 and whose reigns witnessed the height of the French Wars of Religion, including the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre of 1572.
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina; 1st c. BC), Roman praetor and aspiring consul whose conspiracy was discovered and denounced by Cicero; driven from Rome, he was killed in battle in 62 BC.
Catinat, Nicholas (1637-1712), French commander under Louis XIV; elected Marshal of France for his early victories, he was defeated by Prince Eugene of Savoy in the War of Spanish Succession.
Cato (1) (Marcus Porcius Cato, Cato the Elder, or Cato the Censor; 234-149 BC), Roman consul and great-grandfather of Cato the Younger, and a prominent orator famed for his moral and political rigidity.
Cato (2) (Marcus Porcius Cato, Cato the Younger, or Cato of Utica; 95-46 BC), Roman republican hero renowned for his Stoic self-command, antipathy to corruption, and dedication to public service; he committed suicide after Caesar’s victory at Thapsus so as not to be subjected to Caesar’s rule.
Charles I (1600-1649), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 until his death; his reign witnessed the English civil wars that culminated in his trial, conviction, and execution for treason, which came to be hailed as a martyrdom.
Charles II (1630-1685), son of Charles I and brother of James II, and king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death.
Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier de (1682-1761), French Jesuit missionary and author of History and General Description of New France, with the Historical Journal of a Journey to North America (1744).
Chrysippus (ca. 280-207 BC), Stoic philosopher who followed Cleanthes as third head of the Stoic school in 232; chiefly commended for his diligent codification of Stoic doctrine.
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero; 106-43 BC), Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher; his political career ended with the ascendency of Casear, which prompted him in his retirement to turn to the composition of major works of moral philosophy which exercised a significant influence on Smith and the Scottish Enlightenment, including De legibus (On Laws), De officiis (On Duties), De finibus (On Ends), and De natura deorum (On the Nature of the Gods).
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of (1609-1674), English politician and historian who, as a moderate royalist, was a principal