The Theory of Moral Sentiments - Adam Smith [248]
Clarke, Samuel (1675-1729), English philosopher with principal contributions in metaphysics and natural theology; particularly influential were his two Boyle lectures of 1704 and 1705 in which he responded to the materialism and atheism of Hobbes and Spinoza: A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God and A Discourse Concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion.
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Drusus; 10 BC-AD 54), Roman emperor from 41 until his death, upon which he was succeeded by his adoptive son, Nero.
Cleanthes (ca. 331-232 BC), Greek philosopher and successor to Zeno as second head of the Stoic school.
Cleomenes III (3rd c. BC), king of Sparta from 235 to 222; after having been driven out of the Peloponnesus by Antigonus, he traveled to Alexandria, where he committed suicide in 220 after failing to instigate a popular revolt.
Clermont, Bishop of. See Massillon.
Clytus (Cleitus; 4th c. BC), Macedonian noble and cavalry commander; once a favorite of Alexander for having saved his life in 330 in the battle against the Persians at the Granicus, he was murdered by Alexander at a drinking party in 328 for having dared to criticize Alexander’s divine pretentions.
Condé, Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de (1621-1686), French commander under Louis XIV, chief figure in the aristocratic unrest of mid-century (the Fronde), and renowned as one of the great military geniuses of his age.
Cowley, Abraham (1618-1667), English poet who wrote on political, biblical, and classical themes; his chief work of love poetry was The Mistress (1647).
Crassus (1) (Marcus Licinius Crassus; 1st c. BC), Roman commander and statesman, remembered for his suppression of the slave revolt of Spartacus, his membership in the First Triumvirate with Casear and Pompey, and his wealth and ostensible greed.
Crassus (2) (Lucius Licinius Crassus; 140-91 BC), Roman statesman and orator, particularly celebrated by Cicero for his rhetorical abilities.
Cudworth, Ralph (1617-1688), English philosopher and one of the principal Cambridge Platonists; author of The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678), which sought to reconcile Platonism and revealed religion in countering atheism, and the Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality (pub. 1731), which sought to counter Epicurean and Hobbesian positivism.
Czar Peter of Muscovy: see Peter the Great.
Davila, Arrigo Caterino (1576-1631), Italian historian and author of The History of the Civil Wars in France (1630); he was a first-hand participant in the subjects he chronicled, having served as a soldier in France and as a page in the court of Catherine de Medici.
Demosthenes (384-322 BC), Athenian statesman and orator particularly famed for his Philippics, a series of speeches delivered between 351 and 341 to encourage Athenian military resistance to the Macedonian king Philip.
Descartes, René (1596-1650), French mathematician and philosopher with important contributions in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics that shaped Enlightenment philosophical debates; Smith’s engagement with Descartes is largely limited to the physical and astronomical ideas of his Principles of Philosophy (1644).
Diogenes Laertius (3rd c. AD), Greek historian of philosophy about whom almost nothing is known; his Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers provides biographical and intellectual sketches that have been generally poorly regarded as philosophical commentaries but greatly valued for their quotations and transcriptions of works otherwise lost.
Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitanus, AD 51-96), Roman emperor from 81 until his death; his heavy-handed administration saw the banishment of philosophers from Rome in 89.
Dryden, John (1631-1700), English poet, playwright, critic, and translator; among his many well-known poetic works is his Absalom and Achitophel (1681).
Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, Abbé (1670-1742), French author of works of history and literary criticism; chiefly known for the aesthetic and