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25 Charles Wooley and Michael Tatlow, A Walk in Old Launceston (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2007), 26.

26 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 224-225.

27 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 23 April 1839, 1.

28 Phillip Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls (North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 1476.

29 Ibid.

30 Tony Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts (Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 126-127.

31 Gay Hendriksen, Dr. Carol Liston, and Dr. Trudy Cowley, Women Transported: Life in Australia’s Convict Female Factories (Parramatta, Australia: Parramatta Heritage Centre), 61-62.

32 Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls, 1477.

33 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 25 September 1846, 4.

34 Richmond Primary School website, Department of Education, Tasmania, http://www.richmond.tased.edu.au/School/Principal/Principal.htm.

35 Michael Tatlow, Charles Wooley, and Peter Mercer, A Tour of Old Tasmania (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2008), 100.

36 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Great Demonstration—Jubilee—Cessation of Transportation,” Thursday, 11 August 1853, 2.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Great Demonstration.”

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid.

42 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “The Jubilee,” Tuesday, 9 August 1853, 2.

43 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Abolition of Transportation—Free Institutions—Slanderous Despatches,” Tuesday, 25 December 1849, 2.

44 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 236.

45 Colonial Times, “Abolition of Transportation.”

46 Ibid.

47 Peter Bolger, Hobart Town (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973), 52.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid., 50.

50 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Jubilee—10th August,” Saturday, 6 August 1853, 2.

51 Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts, 186.

52 L. L. Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia (Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1965), 10.

53 Ballina Chronicle, “Condition of the Poor,” Mayo, Ireland, Wednesday, 6 June 1849.

54 John Williams, Ordered to the Island (Darlinghurst, Australia: Crossing Press, 1994), 14.

55 Ibid., 7.

56 Susanna Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry: Compiled from Her Journal, as Edited by Her Daughters, and from Various Other Sources (Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1853), 255.

57 Williams, Ordered to the Island, 8.

58 Trudy Mae Cowley, A Drift of Derwent Ducks (Hobart, Australia: Research Tasmania, 2005), 105.

59 Ibid., 247.

60 Description List: Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9.

61 Cowley, A Drift of Derwent Ducks, 99.

62 Charles Bateson, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868 (North Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1985), 73.

63 John Moody, Surgeon Superintendent, “Surgeon’s Report Blackfriar,” ADM 101/12, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3189.

64 Conduct Record, Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30.

65 Description List: Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9,160.

66 Patrick Howard, To Hell or to Hobart (Kenthurst, Australia: Kangaroo Press, 1993), 154.

67 Williams, Ordered to the Island, 113.

68 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 226.

69 Description List: John Wild, Archives of Tasmania, CON 18/1/30, 80.

70 Mary Binks (Bridget Mulligan’s great-granddaughter), Bridget Mulligan family history.

71 Conduct Record, Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30, 222.

72 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 250.

Chapter 10: Bendigo’s Gold

1 Geoff Hocking, Gold: A Pictorial History of the Australian Goldrush (Rowville, Australia: Five Mile Press, 2006), 50.

2 Hocking, Gold, 34.

3 Ibid.

4 Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser (New South Wales, Australia), “Discovery of an Extensive Gold Field,” Saturday, 17 May 1851, 4.

5 Hocking, Gold, 45.

6 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 23 May 1851, 3.

7 William Manley Chambers, “Licensee—Sailor’s Return,” Archives of Tasmania, Hobart Town Gazette, 5 August 1850, 29 September 1850, 30 September 1851.

8 Argus (Melbourne, Australia),