The Two-Income Trap - Elizabeth Warren [104]
32 BLS, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1980, prepublished Table 5, Selected Characteristics and Annual Expenditures of All Consumer Units Classified by Composition of Consumer Unit, Interview Survey, 1980; Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1999 (prepublished data), Table 1500, Composition of Consumer Unit: Average Annual Expenditures and Characteristics (data are for husband and wife with children).
33 “Americans Put Education at Top of Federal Spending Priorities,” Public Agenda Online, April 2001. Available at http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/majprop.cfm?issue_type=education [1/20/2003].
34 See, for example, Arthur Levine, “American Education: Still Separate, Still Unequal,” Los Angeles Times, February 2, 2003, p. M1.
35 David E. Clark and William E. Herrin, “The Impact of Public School Attributes on Home Sale Prices in California,” Growth and Change 31 (Summer 2000): 385-407. “The elasticity of teacher-student ratio is nearly 8 times that of murder rate and just over 10 times that of the largest environmental quality measure [proximity to interstate].”
36 Sandra E. Black, “Do Better Schools Matter? Parental Valuation of Elementary Education,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (May 1999): 577-599.
37 The University of Pennsylvania made other modest investments in the neighborhood, including hiring trash collectors to remove litter from the streets and employing neighborhood safety “ambassadors.” Those initiatives, however, did not represent major changes, since the university had already been policing the area for several years; many locals agree that the new elementary school was by far the most important change. Caitlin Francke, “Penn Area Revival Lures Many, Pushes Others Out,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 24, 2003.
38 George H. Gallup, “The Eleventh Annual Gallup Poll of the Public’s Attitudes Toward the Public Schools,” Phi Delta Kappan (September 1979), p. 37. “More Than Half of Americans Say Public Education Is Worse Today Than When They Were Students,” Public Agenda Online (April 2000), available at http://www.publicagendaorg/issues/pcc_detail.cfm?issue_type=education&list=16 [1/20/2003] .
39 Black parents are almost three times more likely than other parents to report that they are “completely dissatisfied” with the quality of their children’s schools. Lydia Saad, “Grade School Receives Best Parent Ratings, Education Nationally Gets Modest Ratings,” Gallup Poll Analyses, September 4, 2002.
40 Juliet Schor, Do Americans Shop Too Much? (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), p. 11.
41 Thomas D. Snyder and Charlene M. Hoffman, Digest of Education Statistics, 2001, NCES 2001-130 (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, February 2002), Table 150, Percent of Public Schools Reporting Crime Incidents and the Seriousness of Crime Incidents Reported, by School Characteristics, 1996-1997.
42 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice, 2000, NCJ 190251 (December 2001), Table 2.0001, Students Age 12 to 18 Reporting Fear of School-Related Victimization.
43 For a discussion of the financial effects of restrictive zoning, see Michael Schill, “Regulatory Barriers to Housing Development in the United States,” in Land Law in Comparative Perspective, edited by Maria Elena Sanchez Jordan and Antonio Gambara (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002), pp. 101-120.
44 “Violent Crime Fell 9% in ’01, Victim Survey Shows,” New York Times, September 9, 2002; the article cites a 50 percent decline in violent crime since 1993.
45 U.S. Department of Justice, 1995 Uniform Crime Reports (1996), cited in Setha M. Low, “The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the Discourse of Urban Fear,” American Anthropologist 103 (March 2001): 45-58. In a 1975 survey of homeowners, the U.S. Census Bureau found that people living in city centers