The Two-Income Trap - Elizabeth Warren [105]
46 Danilo Yanich, “Location, Location, Location: Urban and Suburban Crime on Local TV News,” Journal of Urban Affairs 23, no. 3-4 (2001): 221-241, Table 2, Rates of Selected Crimes in Baltimore and Philadelphia, 1977 and 1996.
47 Yanich, “Location, Location, Location,” p. 222.
48 While this is not exclusively an urban-suburban dichotomy, urban dwellers are more than twice as likely as suburbanites to say that the public elementary schools are so bad that they would like to move. Similarly, parents who have young children and own homes in urban areas are almost 70 percent more likely to be unsatisfied with the public elementary schools in their neighborhoods than those living in the suburbs. Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey, 1999, Current Housing Reports, H150/99, Table 3-8.
49 Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and Heather Boushey, The State of Working America, 2002-03 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003) p. 103.
50 See, for example, Congressional Research Service, Women and Credit: Synopsis of Prospective Findings of Study on Available Legal Remedies Against Sex Discrimination in the Granting of Credit and Possible State Statutory Origins of Unequal Treatment Based Primarily on the Credit Applicant’s Sex or Marital Status. Prepared for the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, House Committee on Banking and Currency; Hearings on Credit Discrimination, by Sylvia L. Beckey, U.S. House of Representatives, 93rd Congress, 2nd sess., May 2, 1974; and Margaret J. Gates, “Credit Discrimination Against Women: Causes and Solutions,” Vanderbilt Law Review 27 (1974): 409-441.
51 Federal Trade Commission, Equal Credit Opportunity. Information sheet for consumers, available at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/credit/ecoa.htm [1/20/03].
52 Mark Evan Edwards, “Home Ownership, Affordability, and Mothers’ Changing Work and Family Roles,” Social Science Quarterly 82 (June 2001): 369-383; Sharon Danes and Mary Winter, “The Impact of the Employment of the Wife on the Achievement of Home Ownership,” Journal of Consumer Affairs 24, no. 1 (1990): 148-169.
53 In a survey of 1,000 working mothers, 80 percent reported that their main reason for working was to support their families. Carin Rubenstein, “The Confident Generation: Working Moms Have a Brand New Attitude,” Working Mother, May 1994, p. 42.
54 Calculated from Bureau of the Census, Historical Income Tables—Families, Current Population Survey, various Annual Demographic Supplements, Table F-14, Work Experience of Husband and Wife—All Married-Couple Families, by Presence of Children Under 18 Years Old and Median and Mean Income: 1976 to 2000.
55 Kristin Smith, Barbara Downs, and Martin O’Connell, “Maternity Leave and Patterns: 1961-1995,” Household Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, November 2001, Table I, Women Working at a Job, by Monthly Interval After First Birth, 1961-65 to 1991-94.
56 Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York: Basic Books, 1992), p. 162.
57 Between 1979 and 2000, married mothers at all income levels increased their hours in the workforce. However, women whose husbands were in the bottom quintile added 334 hours per year, and those in the top quintile added just 315 hours per year, compared with an average increase of 428 hours per year for women in the middle three quintiles. Calculated from The State of Working America 2002-2003, Table 1.32, Annual Hours, Wives in Prime-Age, Married-Couple Families with Children, and Contributions to Change, 1979-2000,