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formulation that there was nothing to lose but the DMZ on the eve of his Beijing journey, in a talk to the secretary of the Panama-Korea Association of Friendship and Culture. See KIS Works, vol. 30, p. 218. Chinese reaction, interview, former Chinese official, July 5, 1993. According to South Korean data, Chinese military assistance to North Korea diminished sharply following Kim's 1975 trip. On the Soviet reaction, Russian Foreign Ministry official, interview, Apr. 15, 1994. For Kim's roundabout flight avoiding Soviet air space, see Don Oberdorfer, "Korea: Progress and Danger," WP, June 29, 1975.

Echoes of Saigon: For Sneider on the review, Emb. cable, "Review of U.S. Policies toward Korea," Apr. 22, 1975, secret (declassified 1996). His more considered judgment, Emb. cable, "U.S. Policy towards Korea," June 24, 1975, secret (declassified 1996). On the NSC interpretation of Ford's promise and objections to Schlesinger's statements, see Thomas J. Barnes, "Secretary Schlesinger's Discussions in Seoul," National Security Council Memorandum, Nov 29, 1975, secret (declassified 1995). For Schlesinger comments to Park, Memorandum of Conversation between President Park Chung Hee and Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, Aug. 27, 1975, secret (declassified 1996).

For Park's actions in 1975, USFKHist. 1975, p. 45, confidential (declassified 1995). For defense budget impact, The Military Balance (London: International Institute of Strategic Studies, 1975-76 through 1979-80). The South Korean military buildup data are from the Institute of International Strategic Studies' Military Balance, 1975-80.

The South Korean Nuclear Weapons Program: Oh Won Chol's comments, interview, June 24, 1996. See also his article, "Blood Battle between Park Chung Hee and Carter on Nuclear Development," Shin Dong-A (Nov 1994), in Korean. See also Robert Gillette, "U.S. Squelched Apparent S. Korean A-Bomb Drive," Los Angeles Times, Nov 4, 1978. For many years this well-researched article, based in part on congressional testimony, has been a key source on the South Korean nuclear program. On the South Korean reprocessing effort, the best source is Cho Kap Che, "Nuclear Game on the Korean Peninsula," Monthly Chosun (June 1993), from which these details were taken. For the quote on "snapped into place," see Gillette, Los Angeles Times, Nov 4, 1978 (as above). Cleveland quote from Cleveland interview, Mar. 8, 1994.

Embassy intelligence and Washington instructions, DOS cable "ROK Plans to Develop Nuclear Weapons and Missiles," Mar. 4, 1975, secret/nodis (declassified 1997).

The French ambassador's quote is from Steve Weissman and Herbert Krosney, The Islamic Bomb (Times Books, 1981), p. 252. Park's quote on nuclear capability is from Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, "Korea: Park's Inflexibility ..." WP, June 12, 1975. The National Security Council Memorandum on persuading Seoul, Memorandum for Secretary Kissinger from Jan M. Lodal and Dave Elliott, July 24, 1975, secret (declassified 1995).

Schlesinger's meeting with Park, Schlesinger interview, July 6, 1995. For Sneider's "real consideration" statement, Emb. cable, December 16, 1975, nodis (declassified 1996). On the Rumsfeld threat against the ROK, Cho Kap Che, "Interview with Jae Nae Sohn," Monthly Chosun (Aug. 1995). For Sneider's postcrisis views, Memorandum of Conversation of Brent Scowcroft, Richard Sneider, William Gleysteen, Sept. 15, 1976, secret/sensitive (declassified 1995). On Carter-Giscard diplomacy, see Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle (Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1983), p. 134.

On Park's plan to unveil the A-bomb, Son U Ryun, "Voice Testimony of Park Chung Hee," Monthly Chosun (Mar. 1993), in Korean. For continuing development, "95 percent Development of Nuclear Weapons as of 1978," Joong-ang llbo, Oct. 2, 1993, in Korean; "Korea Close to N-bomb Development in Late 1970s," KH, Oct. 6, 1995.

Murder in the Demilitarized Zone.: For this section, I relied heavily on materials obtained under mandatory declassification review from the Gerald Ford Presidential Library