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By Root 1947 0

access to Central Committee archives), especially her chapter, "North Korea and Seoul-Moscow Relations," in Korea and Russia Toward the 21st Century (Seoul: Sejong Institute, 1992). The Georgi Kim quote is from Eugene Bazhanov, "Soviet Policy Towards South Korea Under Gorbachev," Korea and Russia Toward the 21st Century, p. 65. On Kim Il Sung on flying, Vadim Tkachenko interview, Oct. 24, 1993. For Kim's quote and attitude in Gorbachev meetings, Vadim Medvedev, Collapse (Moscow: International Relations Publishers, 1994), in Russian. For the May 1986 Politburo document, Bazhanov, "Soviet Policy," p. 95. For Gorbachev's surprising declaration, Tkachenko interview, Oct. 24, 1993.

For the Gorbachev quote on the situation in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev interview, Apr. 13, 1994. On North Korea as a privileged ally, Gorbachev, Erinnerungen. USSR weapons promises, Ha interview, Feb. 15, 1995. For aid levels, see Han Yong Sup, "China's Security Cooperation with North Korea: Retrospects and Prospects," paper prepared for confer ence on "Sino-Korean Relations and Their Policy Implications," American Enterprise Institute and George Washington University, Dec. 2-3, 1993, and additional details provided to me by Han. On Kim's view of Gorbachev as a revisionist, Koh Young Whan interview, Oct. 25, 1993.

CHAPTER 7: THE BATTLE FOR DEMOCRACY IN SEOUL

For excellent descriptions of the 1987 events, see Manwoo Lee, The Odyssey of Korean Democracy (Praeger, 1990) and Sang Joon Kim, "Characteristic Features of Korean Democratization," Asian Perspective (Fall-Winter 1994).

Chun s Succession Struggle: Chun to Walker, Walker interview, Feb. 18, 1995. Lee Soon Ja views, from my journal, Feb. 1981, based on a conversation with the First Lady while sitting next to her at the luncheon for Chun at the National Press Club. Regarding the Ilhae Foundation, see Don Oberdorfer "Korean Conundrum," WP, May 25, 1986. On the forced contributions, see Donald Kirk, Korean Dynasty (M. E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 273. The Shultz quote is from his memoir, Turmoil and Triumph (Scribner's, 1993), pp. 977-998. Shultz's concerns were expressed to me in an interview, Mar. 16, 1995.

Chun pledge to Reagan, "Presidential Visit Meetings in Seoul," Memorandum from Assistant Secretary of State Paul Wolfowitz to Secretary Shultz, Nov 19, 1983, secret/nodis (declassified 1995). Chun quote to Blue House reporters, KH, Jan. 9, 1988. For the Seoul National University poll, Se Hee Yoo, "The International Context of U.S.-Korean Relations: Special Focus on the `Critical Views of the United States' in Korea since 1980," in United States Korea Relations (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 1986).

Shultz on Sigur speech, Gaston Sigur interview, Sept. 16, 1993. On dominance of Korea story in the American press, Don Oberdorfer, "U.S. Policy toward Korea in the 1987 Crisis Compared with Other Allies," in Korea-US. Relations (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 1988). U.S. warning to Pyongyang, Michael Armacost telephone interview, Aug. 9, 1993. Pyongyang reaction, "Pyongyang Maintains Cautious Posture Toward Situation in South," FBIS Analysis Note (CIA: Foreign Broadcast Information Service, June 29, 1984).

Reagan's letter to Chun, dated June 17, 1989, in author's possession. Dunlop on "stonewalling," Dunlop interview, Jan. 12, 1994. Riot details are from John Burgess, "Seoul Says Crackdown `Inevitable,"' WP, June 19, 1987. On June 19 meeting and Chun's previous statements to aides, Kim Sung Ik, Voice Testimony of Chun Doo Hwan (Chosun Ilbo, 1992), in Korean. Lilley's presentation to Chun, Lilley interviews, June 8, 1993, and Feb. 17, 1997. Chun on suspending the mobilization order, Kim Sung Ik, Voice Testimony. Chung Ho Yong on the military views, Chung interview, Apr. 20, 1994.

Roh Tae Woo's recollection, Roh interview, Oct. 21, 1993. Chun quote to Sigur, Sigur interview, Sept. 16, 1993. Roh's near-apology for Kwangju, Hyun Hong Choo interview, Oct. 17, 1995. Chun camp's version of June 29 origins: "The Truth of the 6/29 Declaration," Monthly Chosun (Jan. 1992),