The Two Koreas_ A Contemporary History - Don Oberdorfer [268]
CHAPTER 9: MOSCOW SWITCHES SIDES
My account of the Politburo meeting on Nov 10, 1988, including quotes, is from notes by Gorbachev aide Anatoly Chernyayev. Minister's quote on the ROK as "most promising partner," Eugene Bazhanov, "Soviet Policy Towards South Korea Under Gorbachev," Korea and Russia Toward the 21st Century (Seoul: Sejong Institute, 1992), p. 94n.
The Roots of Change: Soviet news reports and journalists' quotes, from Yassen N. Zassoursky, "The XXIV Olympic Games in Seoul and Their Effect on the Soviet Media and the Soviet Public," in Seoul Olympics and the Global Community (Seoul Olympics Memorial Association, 1992). Pravda quote from Park Seh Jik, The Seoul Olympics (London: Bellew Publishing Co., 1991), p. 175. Muscovites survey, Park, Seoul Olympics, p. 175. The "Welcoming Soviets" quote is from Bazhanov, "Soviet Policy," p. 96.
The North-South economic comparisons are from Kwang Eui Gak's monumental study, The Korean Economies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993). Soviet aid figures are found on p. 204. The subsidized trade figures are from an excellent account by Nicholas Eberstadt, Marc Rubin, and Albina Tretyakova, "The Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade with the DPRK, 1989-1993," in Korean Journal of National Unification, vol. 4 (1995). The Soviet memorandum to the DPRK is quoted in Natalia Bazhanova, "North Korea and Seoul-Moscow Relations," Korea and Russia Toward the 21st Century (Seoul: Sejong Institute, 1992), p. 332. For the ROK proposed loans, Kyungsoo Lho, "Seoul-Moscow Relations," Asian Survey (Dec. 1989), p. 1153.
Shevardnadze's visit to Pyongyang, personal impressions of Pyongyang from Pavel Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze, (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), p. 111. For Shevardnadze's report, "The main results of Eduard Shevardnadze's visit to Japan, the Philippines and North Korea," memorandum of Feb. 2, 1989, SED Archives. Shevardnadze's "I am a communist" quote, Bazhanova, "North Korea and Seoul-Moscow Relations," p. 332-333.
Gorbachev Meets Roh: The Gorbachev memoirs quote is from the German version, Erinnerungen (Siedler Verlag, 1995). Gorbachev on the process of change, Gorbachev interview, Apr. 13, 1994. Roh on "smelling their intention," Roh interview, July 22, 1993. Lifting of Soviet restrictions, Bazhanov, "Soviet Policy Towards South Korea Under Gorbachev," p. 97. ROK industrialists in Moscow, Kim Hak Joon, "South KoreaSoviet Union Normalization Revisited," prepared for the Conference on Northeast Asia and Russia, Sigur Center for East Asian Studies, Mar. 17-18, 1994, p. 11. "Inventing new reasons" quote, Georgi Ostroumov interview, Apr. 12, 1994.
Chernyayev quote from Chernyayev interview, Apr. 12, 1994. Gorbachev-Li Peng exchange, Bazhanov, "Soviet Policy Towards South Korea Under Gorbachev," pp. 92-93. Impact of Moscow trip on Kim Young Sam's political fortunes, Yoon Sang Hyun, South Korea s Nordpolitik with Special Reference to Its Relationship with China, Ph.D. diss. (George Washington University, 1994), p. 255. Tkachenko quote from Tkachenko interview, Oct. 24, 1993. On the appeal to Germany, see Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed (Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 256ff.
Dobrynin quote and activities, Dobrynin interviews, June 22, 1993, and Feb. 23, 1994. Roh Tae Woo on Soviet desperation, Roh interview, July 26, 1993. Gregg on "stake through the heart," Emb. cable, "Roh Tae Woo on the Eve of Meetings with Soviet and U.S. Leaders," June 1, 1990, confidential (declassified 1995). Sensitivity about Soviet consulate, Kim Hak Joon, "South Korea-Soviet Union Normalization Reconsidered," p. 13. Gorbachev on "radical change," Bazhanov, "Soviet Policy Towards South Korea under Gorbachev," p. 103. Kim Jong In quote, Kim interview, Apr. 26, 1994.
Soviet meeting notes, "M. S. Gorbachev's Conversation with Roh Tae Woo in San Francisco," obtained by author from the Gorbachev archive, Moscow, in Russian. For Roh's requests to Gorbachev, "M. S. Gorbachev's