The Two Koreas_ A Contemporary History - Don Oberdorfer [270]
CHAPTER 10: CHINA SHIFTS ITS GROUND
On Chinese casualties in the Korean War, see Richard Whelan, Drawing the Line (Little Brown, 1990), p. 373. The quotes from Chou and Kim are from Ilpyong J. Kim, "China in North Korean Foreign Policy," paper for the East Asian Institute, Columbia University, May 31-June 1, 1996. The disparity between DPRK and ROK trade with China, Tai Ming Cheung, "More Advice Than Aid," Far Eastern Economic Review, June 6, 1991, p. 15.
A Visit to North Korea: My impressions of Pyongyang were recorded in my notebooks and in a Washington Post Magazine article, "Communism Lives," Sept. 22, 1991.
On the cutback on USSR-DPRK trade, see Nicholas Eberstadt, Marc Rubin, and Albina Tretyakova, "The Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade with the DPRK, 1989-1993," Korean Journal of National Unification, vol. 4 (1995). On the cutback in DPRK energy consumption, see Chung Sik Lee, "Prospects for North Korea," in Democracy and Communism (Korean Association of International Studies, 1995). For the history of "own style" socialism, "North Korean Brand of Socialism," Vantage Point (Seoul: Naewoe Press, Feb. 1996), p. 42. The Pyongyang bombing quote is from Daewoo Lee, "Economic Consequences of the Korean War and the Vietnam War," Korea Observer (Autumn 1996), p. 413n.
My first interview with Kim Yong Nam was published on Oct. 8, 1984, in WP under the headline, "North Korea Says U.S. Proposals Merit Discussion." Koh quote on Kim Yong Nam, Koh interview, Oct. 25, 1993.
China Changes Course: Deng quote to Carter, US-PRC Chronology, p. 75. SinoROK trade figures, Kim Sung Yoon, "Prospects for Seoul's Entering Relations with Beijing and the Effects on Inter-Korean Relations," East Asia Review, vol. 4, no. 2 1992. Sino-DPRK trade, Nicholas Eberstadt (unattributed author), "China's Trade with the DPRK, 1990-1994: Pyongyang's Thrifty New Patron," North Korea Trade Project Memorandum, U.S. Bureau of the Census, May 1995. On the workings of China economic committee, former South Korean official, interview, Oct. 27, 1995.
On the North Korean protests about the hijacking negotiation, "Chinese Hijackers Sentenced," Facts on File (1983), p. 632. Torpedo boat crisis, Richard L. Walker interview, Mar. 30, 1995. Deng's refusal of massive military aid, former Chinese official, interview, Oct. 4, 1993. Roh's medical doctor emissary, Kim Hak Joon interview, Dec. 20, 1993. The "no filter" quote, former Roh Tae Woo aide, interview, Mar. 14, 1995.
On Roh's lobbying after Tienanmen, Kim Hak Joon, "The Establishment of South Korean-Chinese Diplomatic Relations," paper for American Enterprise Institute-George Washington University conference, Dec. 2-3, 1993. On unofficial Sunkyung contacts, Lee Sun Sok interview, Nov 24, 1994. Trade offices, Roh Jae Won interview, Dec. 3, 1993.
On the new Chinese policy on DPRK trade, Ilpyong Kim, "North Korea's Relations with China," in Foreign Relations of North Korea (Seoul: Sejong Institute, 1994), p. 265. Lee Sang Ok-Qian Qichen meeting, Lee interview, Oct. 26, 1993. Roh-Qian meeting, from memorandum of conversation, "Dialogue with Foreign Minister Qian Qichen- 11/12/91," in Korean. Roh Tae Woo on Qian's "kowtow," Kim Hak Joon interview, Dec. 20, 1993.
China's 1992 normalization priority, former Chinese official, interview, Dec. 2, 1993. On the Apr. 13, 1992, meeting, interviews with Lee Sang Ok, Oct. 26, 1993; Roh Jae Won, Dec. 3, 1993. On Taiwan envoy's arguments, Lee Sang Ok interview. On the Taiwan threat to expand trade with the DPRK, Kim Hak Joon, "The Establishment of South Korean-Chinese Diplomatic Relations," p. 11. The source is Kim's diary, which he kept while