The Two Koreas_ A Contemporary History - Don Oberdorfer [271]
CHAPTER 11: JOINING THE NUCLEAR ISSUE
Kim Chong Whi quote, from my personal journal, Nov 15, 1991.
The Origins of the Nuclear Program: On Japanese and Soviet early activities, Joseph Bermudez interview, 1992. See also Bruce Cumings, "Spring Thaw for Korea's Cold War?" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (Apr. 1992), p. 17. MacArthur-Ridgeway requests, Cumings, "Spring Thaw," pp. 18-19. For Eisenhower's claims, see Michael J. Mazarr, North Korea and the Bomb (St. Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 15-16. Nixon also made this claim on several occasions, including one I covered in 1968. Dubna activities, Alexandre Y. Mansourov, "The Origins, Evolution, and Current Politics of the North Korean Nuclear Program," Nonproliferation Review (Spring-Summer 1995), p. 25-26.
On refusing the DPRK request for nuclear weapons, the quote is from a former Chinese Foreign Ministry official, interview, July 6, 1993. The Japanese expert is Major General (retired) Katsuichi Tsukamoto (executive director of the Research Institute for Peace and Security, Tokyo), interview, July 30, 1993. On Kim's 1974 request, Bermudez interview. Russian intelligence information from Mansourov, "Origins, Evolution," p. 26.
On the East German nuclear report, "Information for the Politburo," June 12, 1981, SED Archives. For key figures in the DPRK nuclear program, Tai Sung An, "The Rise and Decline of North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program," Korea and World Affairs (Winter 1992), pp. 674-675. On Kim's requests to Chernenko, "On the visit of DPRK's Party and State Delegation led by Kim Il Sung to the USSR," memorandum dated May 29, 1984, SED Archives, confidential, in Russian and German.
For U.S. urging to the Soviets on the NPT, Paul Wolfowitz interview, July 14, 1994. On NPT and the power reactor deal, Mansourov, "Origins, Evolution," p. 37.
Nuclear Diplomacy: The American Weapons: Baker on the diplomatic strategy, in Baker's memoir, The Politics of Diplomacy (Putnam, 1995), p. 595. The ACDA concerns quote, Kathleen C. Bailey, memorandum to Solomon on Intelligence Briefings Concerning North Korea, June 23, 1989, secret (declassified 1994). My report and the DPRK reaction, Don Oberdorfer, "North Koreans Pursue Nuclear Arms," WP, July 29, 1989; "Preposterous Fabrication by Washington Post," Press Release of DPRK Permanent Observer Mission to the UN, Aug. 9, 1989. On Eisenhower's nuclear deployments, "U.S. Nuclear Warheads First Deployed to Korea in 1957," Dong-A Rho (Apr. 29, 1993).
William Arkin data, Arkin interview, Mar. 24, 1995, citing National Security Decision Memorandum 178 of July 18, 1972. My report on DMZ vicinity weapons, Don Oberdorfer, "U.S. Weighs Risk of Keeping AArms in Korea," WP, Sept. 20, 1974. Schlesinger quote is from AP, "Schlesinger Warns N. Korea U.S. May Use Nuclear Arms," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 22, 1975. On reduced deployments, Arkin interview. Gregg recommendation, Gregg interview, June 21, 1993. Crowe's views, Crowe and Alan D. Romberg, "Rethinking Security in the Pacific," Foreign Affairs (Spring 1991), p. 34. Scowcroft's objections, Scowcroft interview, Mar. 29, 1995. Solomon's "hook a ride" quote, Solomon interview, Mar. 22, 1996.
The December Accords: Chinese advice to Kim Il Sung, Lim Dong Won interview, May 2, 1994. Roh's 1991 exchange with Kim Il Sung, Roh Tae Woo luncheon conversation, July 22, 1993. The seal quote from "Two Koreas Celebrate New Era of Rapprochement," Korea Annual 1992 (Seoul: Yonhap News Agency), p. 88. For North Korean reaction to accords, Don Oberdorfer, "U.S. Welcomes Koreas' Nuclear Accord," WP, Jan. 1, 1992. Harrison on "conditional victory," Selig Harrison, "North Korea and Nuclear Weapons: Next Steps in American Policy," testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs,