The Wealth of Nations_ Books 4-5 - Adam Smith [369]
Trade, double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit in, 200. Four general classes of, equally necessary to, and dependent on, each other, 459. Wholesale, three different sorts of, 467. The different returns of home and foreign trade, ib. The nature and operation of the carrying trade examined, 470. The principles of foreign trade examined, 472. The trade between town and country explained, 379. Original poverty and servile state of the inhabitants of towns, under feudal government, 496. Exemptions and privileges granted to them, 497–8. Extension of commerce by rude nations selling their own raw produce for the manufactures of more civilised countries, 503–4. Its salutary effects on the government and manners of a country, 508. Subverted the feudal authority, 512. The independence of tradesmen and artisans, explained, 514–15. The capitals acquired by, very precarious, until some part has been realised by the cultivation and improvement of land, 519. Over trading, the cause of complaints of the scarcity of money, 13. The importation of gold and silver not the principal benefit derived from foreign trade, 23. Effect produced in trade and manufactures by the discovery of America, 24. And by the discovery of a passage to the East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope, 25. Error of commercial writers in estimating national wealth by gold and silver, 27. Inquiry into the cause and effect of restraints upon trade, 27 – 8. Individuals, by pursuing their own interest, unknowingly promote that of the public, 32 – 3. Legal regulations of trade, unsafe, ib. Retaliatory regulations between nations, 44. Measures for laying trade open, ought to be carried into execution slowly, 45 – 6.
Policy of the restraints on trade between France and Britain considered, 51. No certain criterion to determine on which side the balance of trade between two countries turns, 52. Most of the regulations of, founded on a mistaken doctrine of the balance of trade, 67. Is generally founded on narrow principles of policy, 72. Drawbacks of duties, 77. The dealer who employs his whole stock in one single branch of business, has an advantage of the same kind with the workman who employs his whole labour on a single operation, 109 – 10. Consequences of drawing it from a number of small channels into one great channel, 187. Colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade, distinguished, 190. The interest of the consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer, 245 – 6. Advantages attending a perfect freedom of, to landed nations, according to the present agricultural system of political œconomy in France, 256. Origin of foreign trade, 257. Consequences of high duties and prohibitions, in landed nations, 263. How trade augments the revenue of a country, ib. Nature of the trading intercourse between the inhabitants of towns and those of the country, 272.
Trades, cause and effect of the separation of, 109–10. Origin of, 117–18.
Transit duties explained, 491.
Travelling for education, summary view of the effects of, 361.
Treasures, why formerly accumulated by princes, 22.
Treasure trove, the term explained, 380. Why an important branch of revenue under the ancient feudal governments, 507 – 8.
Turkey company, short historical view of, 323 – 4.
Turnpikes. See Tolls.
Tythes, why an unequal tax, 428. The levying of, a great discouragement to improvements, ib. The fixing a modus for, a relief to the farmer,
431.
Universities, the emoluments of the teachers in, how far calculated to promote their diligence, 349 – 50. The professors at Oxford have mostly given up teaching, 350. Those in France subject to incompetent jurisdictions, 351. The privileges of graduates