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improperly obtained, 351 – 2. Abuse of lectureships, ib. The discipline of, seldom calculated for the benefit of the students, 352 – 3. Are, in England, more corrupted than the public schools, 353 – 4. Original foundation of, 354. How Latin became an essential article in academical education, ib. How the study of the Greek language was introduced, ib. The three great branches of the Greek philosophy, ib. Are now divided into five branches, 356. The monkish course of education in, 359. Have not been very ready to adopt improvements, 360. Are not well calculated to prepare men for the world, 369. How filled with good professors, or drained of them, 400. Where the worst and best professors are generally to be met with, 401. See Colleges and Teachers.

Value, the term defined, 131.

Vedius Pollio, his cruelty to his slaves checked by the Roman emperor Augustus, which could not have been done under the republican form of government, 169.

Venice, origin of the silk manufacture in that city, 504. Traded in East India goods before the sea track round the Cape of Good Hope was discovered, 139. Nature of the land-tax in that republic, 421.

Venison, the price of, in Britain, does not compensate the expense of a deer park, 329.

Vicesima hæreditatum among the ancient Romans, the nature of, explained, 452 – 3.

Villages, how first formed, 481.

Villenage, probable cause of the wearing out of that tenure in Europe, 489–90.

Vineyard, the most profitable part of agriculture, both among the ancients and moderns, 258. Great advantages derived from peculiarities of soil in, 260.

Wages of labour, how settled between masters and workmen, 169. The workmen obliged to comply with the terms of their employers, 169 –

70. The opposition of workmen outrageous, and seldom successful, 170. Circumstances which operate to raise wages, 171 – 2. The extent of wages limited by the funds from which they arise, ib. Why higher in North America, than in England, 172 – 3. Are low in countries that are stationary, 173 – 4. Not oppressively low in Great Britain, 176. A distinction made here between the wages in summer and in winter, ib. If sufficient in dear years, they must be ample in seasons of plenty, 177 – 8. Different rates of, in different places, ib. Liberal wages encourage industry and propagation, 182 – 3. An advance of, necessarily raises the price of many commodities, 189 – 90. An average of, not easily ascertained, 191. The operation of high wages and high profits compared, 200. Causes of the variations of, in different employments, 201–2. Are generally higher in new, than in old trades, 217, 239. Legal regulations of, destroy industry and ingenuity, 245–6. Natural effect of a direct tax upon, 459.

Walpole, Sir Robert, his excise scheme defended, 482.

Wants of mankind, how supplied through the operation of labour, 126. How extended, in proportion to their supply, 266. The far greater part of them supplied from the produce of other men’s labour, 371.

Wars, foreign, the funds for the maintenance of, in the present century, have little dependence on the quantity of gold and silver in a nation, 18 – 19. How supported by a nation of hunters, 279. By a nation of shepherds, ib. By a nation of husbandmen, 281 – 2. Men of military age, what proportion they bear to the whole society, 282. Feudal wars, how supported, ib. Causes which in the advanced state of society, rendered it impossible for those who took the field, to maintain themselves, ib. How the art of war became a distinct profession, 283. Distinction between the militia and regular forces, 287. Alteration in the art of war produced by the invention of fire arms, 287, 296. Importance of discipline, 288 – 9; Macedonian army, 290; Carthaginian army, 290; Roman army,

291. Feudal Armies, 294. A Well-Regulated Standing Army, The Only Defence Of A Civilised Country, And The Only Means For Speedily Civilising A Barbarous Country, 294. The Want Of Parsimony During Peace, Imposes On States The Necessity Of contracting debts to carry on war, 509, 520. Why war is agreeable to those who live secure from