Toussaint Louverture - Madison Bell [162]
* My double authority holds everything in balance:
Governor for the white, Spartacus for the freedman,
All yields and flourishes under my uncertain reign.
I remain as undecided as destiny
Sure that liberty seeding itself in these ruins
Furrows, while waiting, its immortal roots.
Notes
EPIGRAPH
1. Lacroix, p. 244.
2. Scharon, vol. 2, p. 102.
PREFACE
1. Phillips, p. 21.
ONE
Opening the Gate
1. Schoelcher, p. 94; Dubois, p. 176.
2. Schoelcher, p. 389.
3. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
4. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: letter from Toussaint to Don Garcia, 20 March 1794.
5. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
6. Yves Benot, “Sources et documents sur l'insurrection des esclaves de Saint Domingue,” Annales historique de la revolution Francaise, no· 339 (January-March 2005).
7. Fick, p. 113.
8. Dubois, p. 126.
9. Pelage-Marie Duboys, vol. 1, p. 62.
10. Gros, p. 40.
11. Gros, p. 44.
12. Gros, p. 47.
13. Gros, p. 45.
14. Gros, p. 46.
15. Dorsinville, p. 44.
16. Dorsinville, p. 44.
17. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
18. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. JJ.
19. Laurent, pp. 68-72.
20. Dubois, p. 142.
21. Dubois, p. 144.
22. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 79.
23. Stein, p. 70.
24. Stein, p. 75.
25. Pelage-Marie Duboys, p. 108.
26. Dubois, p. 160.
27. Parkinson, p. 70.
28. Schoelcher, p. 93.
TWO
Before the Storm
1. Metral, p. 325.
2. Metral, p. 326.
3. Sannon, vol. 1, p. 1.
4. Metral, p. 326.
5. Dubois, p. 57.
6. Schoelcher, p. 388.
7. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
8.Barthelemy, “Qui etes-vous,” p. 1.
9. Barthelemy, “Qui etes-vous,” p. 2.
10. Moreau de Saint-Mery Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de lapartie francaise de I'ile Saint-Domingue (Paris: Societe Francaise d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer, 1984), vol. 2, p. 580.
11. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Bayon de Libertat to Comte de Breda, 6 August 1773.
12. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Bayon to Breda, 18 August 1773.
13. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Delribal to Breda, 18 October 1773.
14. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Delribal to Breda, 18 October 1773.
15. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Bayon to Breda, 23 February 1774.
16. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Bayon to Breda, 23 November 1773.
17. Barthelemy, “Qui etes-vous”; Schoelcher, p. 391.
18. Saint-Remy p. 90.
19. Fouchard, Debien, and Menier, p. 68.
20. Fouchard, Debien, and Menier, p. 79.
21. Barthelemy, “Noirs libres,” p. 1.
22. Barthelemy, “Noirs libres,” p. 23.
23. Cauna, p. 189.
24. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Bayon to Breda, 28 May 1794·
25. Cauna, p. 191.
26. Cauna, p. 191.
27. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 203.
28. Cauna, p. 194.
29. Cauna, p. 195.
30. Cauna, p. 196.
31. Pluchon, Toussaint Louverture d'apres le general, p. 20.
THREE
Turning the Tide
1. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 94.
2. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 95.
3. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 95.
4. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy; Laurent, p. 95.
5. Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris, Fonds Francais 1204, vol. 3, piece 458.
6. Metral, p. 328.
7. Metral, p. 331.
8. Metral, p. 331.
9. Schoelcher, p. 93.
10. Madiou, vol. 1, p. 182.
11. Schoelcher, p. 97.
12. Geggus, Sfavery, War and Revolution, p. 108.
13. Lacroix, p. 186.
14. Madiou, vol. 1, p. 255.
15. Dubois, p. 170.
16. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 105.
17. Sannon, vol. 1, p. 138; Arch. Nat. #124.
18. Sannon, vol. 1, p. 139.
19. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies, p. 121.
20. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 103.
21. Pelage-Marie Duboys, vol. 1, p. 155.
22. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies, p. 136.
23. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies, p. 136.
24. Laurent, p. 105.
25. Laurent, p. 113.
26.