Up and Down Stairs - Jeremy Musson [166]
2. For surveys that include discussions of urban and middle-class households at this time, see Pamela Horn, Flunkeys and Scullions: Life Below Stairs in Georgian England (2004), The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant (1991), and Life Below Stairs in the 20th Century (2004).
3. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 16–19, and example dated 27 January 1922 (ten male servants £7 10s and 4 dogs £1 10s) in the Highclere archives, thanks to Lydia Lebus and by kind permission of the Earl of Carnarvon.
4. Daily Telegraph, 11 May 2004.
5. Shorter Oxford Dictionary (1972) and see Naomi Tadmer, Family and Friends in Eighteenth-Century England (2001).
6. Susan Whyman, Sociability and Power in Late-Stuart England (2002), p. 60, cites the example of a private coachman, employed by the Verneys in the late-seventeenth-century, who believes it is below him to be a servant, so he leaves to work as a cabman in London.
7. Sarah and Samuel Adams, in The Complete Servant (1825), and Arthur Young, General View of the Agriculture of Hertfordshire (1804), as quoted on www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk.
8. Andrew Hann, ‘Report on the Service Wing of Audley End’ (2007); Eric Horne, What the Butler Winked at (1923); and report by Fred Scott for Manchester Statistical Society in 1889, see www.manchester2002.uk.com/history/victorian.
9. Merlin Waterson, The Servants’ Hall (1980).
10. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 189.
11. John Burnett, Useful Toil (1975), p. 146.
12. Burnett, Useful Toil, p. 146.
13. C.M. Woolgar, The Great Household in Medieval England (1999), pp. 8–14.
14. Frederick Gorst, Of Carriages and Kings (1956), p. 132.
15. Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House (1979), pp. 190–9, and Horn, Rise and Fall, p. 25.
16. John Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland (1971), first published 1876; the Appendix on p. 595 shows that, at that date, there were around 1,688 principal landowners, including peers and owners of large estates. Assuming these great country landowners employed 120 servants each (indoors and out), this could account for only around 84,000 of the total employed in domestic service, with gentry households as well, still less than 250,000.
17. Giles Waterfield (ed.), Below Stairs (2004), p. 10, and Burnett, Useful Toil, pp. 136–7.
18. 1911 Census, as published January 2009.
19. Fiona Reynolds, conversation with the author, 30 January 2009.
20. Barbara Tuchman’s The Proud Tower (1966) shows how landowners remained at the centre of the political world until political reforms in 1911, with their town houses at the hub of political life.
21. Robert McCrum, Wodehouse: A Life (2004), p. 22.
22. Pierre Caron de Beaumarchais (1732–99), entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica (1911), in which we are told how much Napoleon admired his play, The Marriage of Figaro, banned by the French king.
23. John Galsworthy, The Country House (1907), pp. 1–2.
24. James Sutherland (ed.), Oxford Book of Literary Anecdotes (1975), p. 377.
25. D.H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Penguin), London 1960 and also see Lady Chatterley’s Trial (Penguin), London 2005.
26. Julian Fellowes, interview with the author, 30 January 2009; Mr Fellowes wrote the screenplay for Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman and released in 2001.
27. Julian Fellowes, interview with the author, 30 January 2009.
28. Countess of Rosebery, interview with the author, 10 December 2008.
29. Christine Horton conversation with the author, September 2004.
30. Della Robins, interview with author, 17 December 2008.
31. Stradey Castle and Renishaw Hall were both featured in the BBC2 series Curious House Guest, screened in 2006.
32. The Earl of Leicester, interview with the author, 20 December 2008.
33. James Miller, Hidden Treasure Houses (2006), pp. 78–99.
34. Earl and Countess of Rosebery, interview with the author, 10 December