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13 M. A. Schurch, R. Rizzoli, D. Slosman, L. Vadas, P. Vergnaud, and J. P. Bonjour, “Protein Supplements Increase Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Levels and Attenuate Proximal Femur Bone Loss in Patients with Recent Hip Fracture: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial,” Annals of Internal Medicine 128, no. 10 (1998): 801–09.

14 Ibid.

15 P. Appleby, A. Roddam, N. Allen, and T. Key, “Comparative Fracture Risk in Vegetarians and Nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 12 (2007): 1400–06.

16 C. M. Weaver and K. L. Plawecki, “Dietary Calcium: Adequacy of a Vegetarian Diet,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, suppl. no. 5 (1994): S1238–S1241.

17 G. Schwalfenberg, “Not Enough Vitamin D: Health Consequences for Canadians,” Canadian Family Physician 53, no. 5 (2007): 841–54.

18 L. A. Armas, B. W. Hollis, and R. P. Heaney, “Vitamin D2 is Much Less Effective than Vitamin D3 in Humans,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89, no. 11 (2004): 5387–91.

19 M. F. Holick, R. M. Biancuzzo, T. C. Chen, E. K. Klein, A. Young, D. Bibuld, R. Reitz, W. Salameh, A. Ameri, and A. D. Tannenbaum, “Vitamin D2 Is as Effective as Vitamin D3 in Maintaining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93, no. 3 (2008): 677–81.

20 T. A. Outila, M. U. Karkkainen, R. H. Seppanen, and C. J. Lamberg-Allardt, “Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans Was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 100, no. 4 (2000): 434–41.

21 B. L. Specker, B. Valanis, V. Hertzberg, N. Edwards, and R. C. Tsang, “Sunshine Exposure and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Exclusively Breast-fed Infants,” Journal of Pediatrics 107, no. 3 (1985): 372–76.

22 T. L. Clemens, J. S. Adams, S. L. Henderson, and M. F. Holick, “Increased Skin Pigment Reduces the Capacity of Skin to Synthesise Vitamin D3,” Lancet 1, no. 8263 (1982): 74–76.

23 M. F. Holick, L. Y. Matsuoka, and J. Wortsman, “Age, Vitamin D, and Solar Ultraviolet,” Lancet 2, no. 8671 (1989): 1104–05.

CHAPTER 5: FATS : MAKING THE BEST CHOICES

1 U. J. Jung, C. Torrejon, A. P. Tighe, and R. J. Deckelbaum, “N-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms Underlying Beneficial Effects,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 6 (2008): S2003–S2009.

2 M. C. Morris, D. A. Evans, J. L. Bienias, et al., “Consumption of Fish and N-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Alzheimer’s Disease,” Archives of Neurology 60, no. 7 (2003): 940–46.

3 P. Y. Lin and K. P. Su, “A Meta-analytic Review of Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials of Antidepressant Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, no. 7 (2007): 1056–61.

4 N. Mann, Y. Pirotta, S. O’Connell, D. Li, F. Kelly, and A. Sinclair, “Fatty Acid Composition of Habitual Omnivore and Vegetarian Diets,” Lipids 41, no. 7 (2006): 637–46.

5 D. Mezzano, X. Munoz, C. Martinez, et al., “Vegetarians and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Hemostasis, Inflammatory Markers and Plasma Homocysteine,” Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 81, no. 6 (1999): 913–17.

6 D. Mezzano, K. Kosiel, C. Martínez, A. Cuevas, O. Panes, E. Aranda, P. Strobel, D. D. Pérez, J. Pereira, J. Rozowski, and F. Leighton, “Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Vegetarians: Normalization of Hyperhomocysteinemia with Vitamin B12 and Reduction of Platelet Aggregation with N-3 Fatty Acids,” Thrombosis Research 100, no. 3 (2000): 153–60.

7 T. A. Sanders and F. Roshanai, “Platelet Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition and Function in Vegans Compared with Age-and Sex-Matched Omnivore Controls,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, no. 11 (1992): 823–31.

8 T. J. Key, G. E. Fraser, M. Thorogood, et al., “Mortality in Vegetarians and Nonvegetarians: Detailed Findings from a Collaborative