Warped Passages - Lisa Randall [246]
and superstring theory 258, 262, 270
supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model 262–4, 291
two-dimensional 261
and unification of forces 270, 404
weighing the evidence 270–75
supersymmetry-breaking models 335, 338, 338
sequestered 346, 347, 349, 350, 370, 386
Susskind, Lenny 452–3
symmetry 190–204
anomaly-free 290
broken 191, 201, 203, 204, 220, 242, 249, 300–301; see also spontaneous symmetry breaking
electroweak 218, 219, 241, 242, 244, 249, 265, 409
flavor 195, 196
and forces 197–202
importance in physical laws 193
interchanging parts 191–2
internal symmetries 194–6, 199–201, 202, 208, 210, 211, 215, 217
perfect 203, 204
reflection 191, 192
rotational 191, 192, 199, 201, 202, 215, 216, 216, 476n19
transformations 192, 201, 202, 215, 257, 325
using theories to make physical predictions 193–4
weak force 212, 214, 215–17, 220
symmetry-violating interactions 342
’t Hooft, Gerard 232
T-duality 450–51
tachyons 286, 287, 288, 289
Taj Mahal, India 192, 203–4
Takeuchi, Takeo 188
tau neutrinos 176
tau 79, 176, 273
Taylor, Richard 174
Terning, John 409
tesseracts 20, 104
TeV (teraelectronvolt) 181, 242, 269, 302, 365, 378, 379–80, 384, 401, 407–12
TeV-brane 401n
Tevatron 181, 186, 189, 269, 346, 378
Texas A&M 315
theories, defined 66
“Theory of Everything” (“TOE”) 293, 297
theory of forces
and false predictions 198, 202, 209
internal symmetries in 195, 197, 199, 200, 201
and massless gauge bosons 191, 208, 209
thermodynamics 72, 73
Thomson, J.J.
identifies electrons 126
“plum pudding” model 126, 127
Thomson, William see Lord Kelvin
thought experiments 67
three dimensions 15, 16, 24, 27
baby’s three-dimensional world 1–2, 1, 472
translating three dimensions from two 21–5, 26, 27–8
tidal effect 188
time
coordination 90–91
as a fourth dimension 17, 33, 414n
rescaling 417n
and special relativity 90, 91, 92
warped 110
time dilation 91, 94, 113, 387
time-energy uncertainty principle 140
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 156–7
Tonamura, Akira 135–6
totalitarian principle 228n
Townsend, Paul 313, 315, 316
transverse polarizations 198
triggers 182
truth 67, 68
two dimensions 16
translating two dimensions to three 21–5, 26, 27–8
Tye, Henry 329
ultraviolet catastrophe 120, 121
uncertainty principle 117, 137–42, 143, 144, 145, 149, 169, 207, 235n, 294, 356
time-energy 140
and virtual particles 222, 226
unified theory 66, 67, 71
see also Grand Unified Theory
universe 102–3, 111–12, 122–3, 217, 234, 282, 298–9, 403, 422
multidimensional 54–5, 332, 352, 404, 434
see also cosmology
vacuum energy 298
University of Barcelona 404
University of California at Berkeley 187, 346
University of Chicago 435
University of Maryland 346
University of Minnesota 435
University of Pisa 346
University of Texas 306
University of Washington 365, 374–5
Uranus 85
vacuum 158, 213, 214, 218, 226, 229, 231, 238, 241
energy 298–9, 300
see also cosmological constant; dark energy
valence, Mendeleev and 9
van der Meer, Simon 186
violin strings 354, 355
virtual particles 225–32, 238, 252
and the anarchic principle 340
as bureaucrats 229–31, 248
a consequence of quantum mechanics 222, 225
defined 225–7, 238
and distance/energy dependence 222, 231, 234, 227–9
and energy 225, 226, 227, 229
heavy (GUT-mass) 247, 248
indirect interactions 228, 229
as intermediate or internal particles 157
measurable consequences 226
and paths 229, 246, 248
in quantum field theory 225
renormalization group calculations 228–9
and the strong force 232
symmetry violations 290
Waldram, Dan 332
warp factors 390–91, 400, 401
warped extra-dimensional models 237
warped geometry 2, 6, 110, 347, 386, 387, 390
and duality 449–50
five-dimensional 418n, 436
hierarchy problem solved 394–7, 402–4, 406, 458
and an infinite dimension 420
and the KK particles’ masses 407
and the Large Hadron Collider 407
unification of forces in 404
see also locally localized gravity, RS1, RS2
wave-particle duality 136
wavefunction 131, 148
collapse of the 139
of individual electrons 132,