Washington Rules_ America's Path to Permanent War - Andrew J. Bacevich [107]
21. Letter From the Chairman of the Cuba Study Group (Taylor) to President Kennedy, June 13, 1961, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, 1961–1962 (Washington, D.C., 1997), p. 575; hereafter cited as FRUS, Cuba.
22. “Memorandum No. 2 From the Cuba Study Group to President Kennedy,” June 13, 1961, FRUS, Cuba, pp. 600–602.
23. “Memorandum No. 4 From the Cuba Study Group to President Kennedy,” June 13, 1961, FRUS, Cuba, p. 606.
24. Editorial Note, FRUS, Cuba, p. 666. This reprints extracts from a handwritten note prepared by Robert Kennedy on November 11, 1961.
25. Memorandum from the Chief of Operation in the Deputy Directorate for Plans (Helms) to Director of Central Intelligence (McCone), Subject: Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba, January 19, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, p. 720. The memo contains verbatim quotes from Robert Kennedy.
26. Memorandum from the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), to Members of the Caribbean Survey Group, January 20, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, p. 721.
27. Program Review by the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), January 18, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, pp. 710–718.
28. Paper prepared in the Department of State, August 10, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, p. 922.
29. Memorandum from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Gilpatric) to President Kennedy, January 31, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, p. 735.
30. Memorandum, August 21, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, p. 956. The document’s author is identified as John A. McCone, successor to Allen Dulles as director of central intelligence.
31. Memorandum from the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Goodwin), March 6, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, p. 767.
32. Sam Dolgoff, The Cuban Revolution: A Critical Perspective (Montreal, 1977), pp. 63, 67.
33. Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York, 1965), p. 308.
34. Ted Sorensen, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (New York, 2008), p. 321.
35. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), p. 297.
36. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York, 2007), p. 180.
37. Memorandum from the Central Intelligence Agency Operations Officer for Operation Mongoose (Harvey) and the Acting Chairman of the Board of National Estimates (Smith) to the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), August 17, 1962, FRUS, Cuba, p. 942.
38. May and Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy Tapes, pp. 666–675.
39. Dean Rusk, As I Saw It (New York, 1990), p. 242.
40. Plan for Cuba, undated [1961], FRUS, Cuba, p. 681.
41. James G. Blight and Janet M. Lang, The Fog of War (Lanham, Maryland, 2005), p. 40.
42. James G. Hershberg, “Before ‘The Missiles of October’: Did Kennedy Plan a Military Strike Against Cuba?,” Diplomatic History 14 (Spring 1990): 163–198.
43. Sorensen, Kennedy, pp. 3, 696.
44. May and Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy Tapes, pp. 177–178.
45. John F. Kennedy, “American University Commencement Address,” June 10, 1963, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkamericanuniversityaddress.html.
46. May and Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy Tapes, p. 198.
47. McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 96.
48. The centerpiece of the U.S. counterinsurgency effort during this period was the Strategic Hamlet Program, which yielded disappointing results. George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (New York, 1979, 4th ed., 2002), pp. 103–109.
49. By the time of Kennedy’s assassination, American helicopters were ferrying South Vietnamese troops into battle, while American pilots in aircraft with South Vietnamese markings were flying close air support missions.
50. Herring, America’s Longest War, p. 104.
51. In November 1961, at the conclusion of the so-called Taylor-Rostow Mission, General Taylor was already advocating for the commitment of U.S. combat troops to South Vietnam. The report endorsed the reigning precepts of the domino theory, declaring that “if Vietnam