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6. Quoted in D. H. Pennington, Europe in the Seventeenth Century, 2nd ed. (New York, 1989), p. 494.

7. Quoted in J. H. Elliot, Imperial Spain, 1469–1716 (New York, 1963), p. 306.

8. Quoted in B. H. Sumner, Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia (New York, 1962), p. 122.

9. Quoted in Simon Schama, A History of Britain, vol. 2, Th e Wars of the British, 1603–1776 (New York, 2001), pp. 182, 185.

CHAPTER 16

1. Quoted in Alan G. R. Smith, Science and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1972), p. 59.

2. Edward MacCurdy, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (London, 1948), vol. 1, p. 634.

3. Ibid., p. 636.

4. Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (New York, 1964), p. 448.

5. Ibid., p. 450.

6. Quoted in Smith, Science and Society, p. 97.

7. Logan P. Smith, Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton (Oxford, 1907), vol. 1, pp. 486–487.

8. Quoted in John H. Randall, The Making of the Modern Mind (Boston, 1926), p. 234.

9. Quoted in Smith, Science and Society, p. 124.

10. Quoted in Betty J. Dobbs, The Foundations of Newton’s Alchemy (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 13–14.

11. Jolande Jacobi, ed., Paracelsus: Selected Writings (New York, 1965), pp. 5–6.

12. Ibid., p. 21.

13. Quoted in Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), pp. 52–53.

14. Ibid., p. 85.

15. Quoted in Phyllis Stock, Better than Rubies: A History of Women’s Education (New York, 1978), p. 16.

16. René Descartes, Philosophical Writings, ed. and trans. Norman K. Smith (New York, 1958), p. 95.

17. Ibid., pp. 118–119.

18. Francis Bacon, The Great Instauration, trans. Jerry Weinberger (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1989), pp. 2, 8, 16, 21.

19. Descartes, Discourse on Method, in Philosophical Writings, p. 75.

20. Margaret C. Jacob, The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution (New York, 1988), p. 73.

21. Stillman Drake, ed. and trans., Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (New York, 1957), p. 182.

22. Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, trans. R. H. M. Elwes (New York, 1955), pp. 75–76.

23. Ibid., p. 76.

24. Spinoza, Letters, quoted in Randall, The Making of the Modern Mind, p. 247.

25. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. J. M. Cohen (Harmondsworth, England, 1961), p. 100.

26. Ibid., pp. 31, 52–53, 164, 165.

CHAPTER 17

1. Quoted in Paul Hazard, The European Mind, 1680–1715 (New York, 1963), pp. 304–305.

2. Quoted in Dorinda Outram, Th e Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1995), p. 67.

3. Quoted in Hazard, The European Mind, p. 12.

4. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (New York, 1964), pp. 89–90.

5. Baron Paul d’Holbach, Common Sense, as quoted in Frank E. Manuel, ed., Th e Enlightenment (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965), p. 62.

6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on Inequality, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, England, 1984), p. 109.

7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, England, 1968), p. 141.

8. Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, in Moira Ferguson, ed., First Feminists: British Women Writers, 1578–1799 (Bloomington, Ind., 1985), p. 190.

9. Mary Astell, Some Reflections upon Marriage, in ibid., p. 193.

10. Kenneth Clark, Civilization (New York, 1969), p. 231.

11. Voltaire, The Age of Louis XIV, trans. Martyn P. Pollack (New York, 1961), p. 1.

12. Cesare Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, trans. E. D. Ingraham (Philadelphia, 1819), pp. 59–60.

13. Quoted in René Sand, The Advance to Social Medicine (London, 1952), pp. 86–87.

14. Quoted in Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1978), p. 179.

15. Quoted in ibid., p. 186.

16. Quoted in C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New York, 1970), p. 157.

CHAPTER 18

1. Frederick II, Forms of Government, in Eugen Weber, Th e Western Tradition (Lexington, Mass., 1972), pp. 538, 544.

2. Quoted in Reinhold A. Dorwart, The Administrative Reforms of Frederick William I of Prussia (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), p. 36.

3. Quoted in Sidney